tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79466630557774538692024-02-02T09:07:34.496-08:00kata dan matamakasih kunjungannya. di blog ini saya menuliskan tentang beberapa ketertarikan ku pada kalimat dan kata tentu pada musik juga. jikalau ada beberapa kekurangan mohon pembenaran dan kritikannya \^_^/prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-79254756420770243982012-07-09T08:40:00.003-07:002012-07-09T08:40:38.255-07:00how to make bagel<br /><span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span class="hps">Bagels</span></b> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">bread</span> <span class="hps">shaped</span> <span class="hps">like a</span> <span class="hps">donut</span> <span class="hps">with a</span> <span class="hps">dry</span> <span class="hps">texture</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">crisp on</span> <span class="hps">the outside</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">but</span> <span class="hps">tough</span> <span class="hps">on the inside.</span> <span class="hps">Very popular</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">New</span> <span class="hps">York</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">a breakfast</span> <span class="hps">menu</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Typically</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">citizens of</span> <span class="hps">New</span> <span class="hps">York</span> <span class="hps">cream</span> <span class="hps">cheese</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">bagels</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">eaten</span> <span class="hps">with a cup</span> <span class="hps">of coffee</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">As a variation</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">the surface</span> <span class="hps">can also be</span> <span class="hps">sprinkled with</span> <span class="hps">sesame</span> <span class="hps">bagels</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">poppy</span> <span class="hps">seed</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">sunflower seeds</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Do not</span> <span class="hps">use</span> <span class="hps">hot water when</span> <span class="hps">kneading</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">bagels</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Because the</span> <span class="hps">yeast</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">die</span> <span class="hps">at temperatures above</span> <span class="hps">40 degrees</span> <span class="hps">Celsius</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Avoid</span> <span class="hps">adding</span> <span class="hps">yeast</span> <span class="hps">together</span> <span class="hps">with the</span> <span class="hps">salt because</span> <span class="hps">salt</span> <span class="hps">can also cause</span> <span class="hps">yeast</span> <span class="hps">die</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <b><span class="hps">Bagel</span> <span class="hps">Bread</span> <span class="hps">Recipe</span></b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br /> <span class="hps">Bagel</span> <span class="hps">bread</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">ingredients</span><span>:</span><br /> <span class="hps">500 g</span> <span class="hps">of wheat flour</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">bread</span><span>, sifted</span><br /> <span class="hps">1 tablespoon granulated sugar</span><br /> <span class="hps">2 teaspoons</span> <span class="hps">instant yeast</span><br /> <span class="hps">350 ml</span> <span class="hps">warm water</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>lukewarm</span><span>)</span><br /> <span class="hps">1 tablespoon vegetable oil</span><br /> <span class="hps">1</span> <span class="hps">1/2</span> <span class="hps">tsp</span> <span class="hps">salt</span><br /> <span class="hps">1</span> <span class="hps">1/2</span> <span class="hps">liter</span> <span class="hps">of water</span> <span class="hps">boil</span><br /> <span class="hps">1/2</span> <span class="hps">tsp</span> <span class="hps">baking</span> <span class="hps">soda</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">bring to a boil</span><br /><br /> <b><span class="hps">How to make</span><span>:</span></b><br /> <span class="hps">Combine</span> <span class="hps">flour</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">sugar,</span> <span class="hps">warm</span> <span class="hps">water</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">yeast</span> <span class="hps">and vegetable oil</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">large</span> <span class="hps">container</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Stir well and</span> <span class="hps">then</span> <span class="hps">add salt</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Stir</span> <span class="hps">until</span> <span class="hps">blended.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Transfer the</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">onto</span> <span class="hps">a flat</span> <span class="hps">surface</span> <span class="hps">sprinkled with</span> <span class="hps">flour</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Knead</span> <span class="hps">for 10</span> <span class="hps">minutes</span> <span class="hps">until</span> <span class="hps">smooth</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">not</span> <span class="hps">sticky</span> <span class="hps">at</span> <span class="hps">hand</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Return</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">container</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">cover with</span> <span class="hps">plastic</span> <span class="hps">sticky</span> <span class="hps">and leave for</span> <span class="hps">20</span> <span class="hps">minutes</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">If it</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">fluffy</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">and set aside</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Open the</span> <span class="hps">lid of the container</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">for the</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">into 8 pieces</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">round</span> <span class="hps">shape</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Puncture</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the center of</span> <span class="hps">each</span> <span class="hps">circle of</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">using</span> <span class="hps">your fingers,</span> <span class="hps">then</span> <span class="hps">widen</span> <span class="hps">the hole</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the middle to</span> <span class="hps">resemble</span> <span class="hps">a donut</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Allow the dough</span> <span class="hps">for about 20</span> <span class="hps">minutes</span> <span class="hps">until fluffy</span> <span class="hps">and set aside</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Boil</span> <span class="hps">each</span> <span class="hps">bagel</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">baking</span> <span class="hps">soda</span> <span class="hps">in the water</span> <span class="hps">is boiling,</span> <span class="hps">over medium heat</span> <span class="hps">for 2</span> <span class="hps">minutes on each side</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Remove and drain</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Allow the dough</span> <span class="hps">for 5</span> <span class="hps">minutes</span> <span class="hps">until dry</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Place the</span> <span class="hps">dough</span> <span class="hps">on a baking sheet</span> <span class="hps">bersemir</span> <span class="hps">oil</span><span>, give the</span> <span class="hps">distance</span> <span class="hps">between them.</span> <span class="hps">Bake</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">a preheated oven at</span> <span class="hps">180</span> <span class="hps">degrees</span> <span class="hps">Celsius for</span> <span class="hps">30 minutes</span> <span class="hps">until cooked</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Bagel</span> <span class="hps">bread</span> <span class="hps">ready to be served</span>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-28864644306017070492012-07-09T03:21:00.001-07:002012-07-09T03:21:03.805-07:00how to be a great teahcer<br /><span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Ada sebuah pertanyaan yang dilontarkan oleh seorang kawan guru kepada saya.">There was a question posed by a fellow teacher told me. </span><span title="“Bagaimana caranya agar belajar menjadi menyenangkan?”.">"How can I make learning fun". </span><span title="Secara kebetulan, hari senin kemarin saya diminta untuk menjadi narasumber di RRI Pro 1 FM dalam tema pembelajaran yang menyenangkan.">Coincidentally, last Monday I was asked to be guest speaker at the RRI Pro 1 FM in learning a fun theme. </span><span title="Saya menjelaskan panjang lebar tentang pembelajaran yang menyenangkan.">I explained at length about the learning fun. </span><span title="Alhamdulillah banyak respon dari para pendengar yang saya terima, dan tanpa terasa acarapun berjalan hampir satu jam lamanya, hanya melalui handphone saja.">Thank
God a lot of response from the audience that I received, and
imperceptibly acarapun runs nearly an hour, only by phone only.<br /></span><span title="Cara agar pembelajaran di kelas menjadi menyenangkan adalah guru sebagai pendidik harus mampu memiliki keikhlasan yang tinggi dalam mengajar.">Ways to be a fun learning in the classroom is the teacher as an educator should be able to have a high sincerity in teaching. </span><span title="Setelah ikhlas tumbuh di hati, maka akan terlihatlah kebahagiaan seorang guru.">After growing in the hearts sincere, it will be a teacher terlihatlah happiness. </span><span title="Guru pun menjadi happy atau senang.">Teachers also become happy or excited. </span><span title="Ketika guru senang, maka akan terlihat wajah yang penuh dengan senyuman.">When the teacher happy, it will show a face full of smiles. </span><span title="Dari wajah yang penuh senyuman manis inilah pembelajaran yang menyenangkan dimulai.">A face full of a sweet smile that learning is fun begins.<br /></span><span title="Seringkali guru kurang memperhatikan hal yang kecil ini.">Often teachers pay less attention to this little thing. </span><span title="Terlalu menganggap media pembelajaranlah yang membuat pembelajaran itu menjadi menyenangkan.">Too assume pembelajaranlah media that makes learning fun. </span><span title="Bukan karena senyuman atau kebahagiaan seorang guru.">Not because of the smile or the happiness of a teacher.<br /></span><span title="Saya menjadi teringat presentasi dari seorang motivator yang bernama Aris Ahmad Jaya.">I was reminded of the presentation of a motivator who named Aris Ahmad Jaya. </span><span title="Beliau memberikan materi motivasi kepada seluruh siswa baru kelas 7 di SMP Labschool Jakarta yang berjumlah hampir 250 orang.">He
gives motivational materials to all new students at the junior high
grades 7 Labschool Jakarta, amounting to nearly 250 people. </span><span title="Semua anak memperhatikan beliau, dan sangat antusias sekali mendengarkan apa yang beliau sampaikan.">All children pay attention to him, and very enthusiastic to hear what he say. </span><span title="Presentasi yang beliau sampaikan selama dua jam itu, nyaris tanpa ada keributan dari siswa.">His presentation was to say for two hours, almost without any fuss from the students. </span><span title="Semua siswa memperhatikan, dan mendengarkan presentasi itu dengan penuh antusias yang tinggi.">All students pay attention and listen to the presentation was enthusiastically high. </span><span title="saya pun mengatakan dalam hati, inilah contoh guru berhati cahaya.">I was saying to myself, here's an example of light hearted teacher.<br /></span><span title="Setelah acara berakhir, saya menanyakan kepada beliau apa yang membuat anak-anak labschool yang “ramai” itu seperti kerbau dicocok hidungnya?">After the show ended, I asked him what made the children labschool the "busy" that matched his nose like a buffalo? </span><span title="Apa yang membuat anak itu begitu senang mendapatkan materi motivasi dari mas Aris ahmad jaya?">What makes him so happy to get the material motivation of Aris ahmad victorious mas? </span><span title="Apa yang membuatnya begitu terampil dalam menyampaikan materinya?">What makes it so skillful in presenting the material? </span><span title="Segudang pertanyaan sebenarnya ingin saya tanyakan kepada beliau.">Actually a myriad of questions I want to ask him. </span><span title="Dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu didapatkan jawaban yang membuat saya mendapatkan sesuatu yang baru.">Of these questions get an answer that made me get something new.<br /></span><span title="Aris mengatakan bahwa, untuk menjadi seorang motivator itu harus ikhlas, happy, dan menggunakan strategi dalam penyampaiannya.">Aris said that, to be a motivator it should be sincere, happy, and use the strategy in its delivery. </span><span title="Hal tersebut ternyata diamini pula oleh teman saya bapak Dedi Dwitagama ketika kami seperjalanan dalam memberikan materi penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) di politeknik Telkom Bandung.">It
was also echoed by my friend Mr. Smith Dwitagama when our companion in
providing research material class action (PTK) in the polytechnic Telkom
Bandung.<br /></span><span title="Saya pun tak lupa meng-SMS sahabat baik saya mas Johan Wahyudi tentang ketiga hal itu, dan oleh mas Johan ditambahkan dengan kata guru harus profesional.">I
did not forget to SMS my good friend Johan Wahyudi mas about three
things, and by Johan mas added to the teacher to be professional. </span><span title="Itulah yang membuat pembelajaran menjadi menyenangkan.">That is what makes learning fun. </span><span title="Guru harus mampu profesional di bidang keilmuan yang diampunya.">Teachers should be able to professionals in the field of science that diampunya. </span><span title="Dia harus menguasai materi yang akan disampaikan kepada para peserta didiknya.">He must master the material to be presented to the learners. </span><span title="Tanpa penguasaan materi, jangan harap pembelajaran menjadi menyenangkan.">Without mastery of the material, do not expect learning to be fun.<br /></span><span title="Guru juga harus mampu memotivasi, dan mengembangkan potensi guru dalam mengajar sehingga menjadikan Indonesia sebagai bangsa yang mampu menghasilkan peserta didik yang cerdas, dan memberikan kontribusi di bidangnya masing-masing.">Teachers
also must be able to motivate and develop the potential of teachers in
teaching so as to make Indonesia as a nation capable of producing
intelligent students, and contribute in their respective fields.<br /></span><span title="Setidaknya teman-teman guru sudah harus menginstrospeksi diri sendiri untuk memperbaiki cara mengajaranya yang kurang menyenangkan.">At least my friends already have menginstrospeksi teachers themselves to improve the way mengajaranya less pleasant. </span><span title="Perubahan metode pengajaran para guru ke arah yang lebih interaktif jelas diperlukan.">Changes in methods of teaching the teachers to a more interactive direction is clearly needed. </span><span title="Guru pun dituntut untuk menyampaikan materinya dengan menarik, baik menggunakan alat peraga atau media pembelajaran.">Teachers were required to deliver the material with attractive, using either props or a medium of learning. </span><span title="Lebih bagus lagi bila mampu mengembangkan multimedia pembelajaran.">Even better if able to develop multimedia learning.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><span title="Metode pembelajaran yang baik dan menarik akan dapat menumbuhkan minat dan kecintaan peserta didik karena materi yang diberikan dengan suasana menyenangkan.">A
good method of learning will be able to grow and attract the interest
and love for the students because of the material provided with a
pleasant ambience. </span><span title="Guru senang, peserta didikpun senang.">Teachers happy, happy didikpun participants. </span><span title="Kita pun akan bernyanyi di sini senang, di sana senang, dan dimana-mana hatiku senang.">We will sing happy here, happy there, and everywhere my heart happy.<br /></span><span title="Akhirnya untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana caranya agar belajar menjadi menyenangkan adalah mulailah belajar dengan penuh keikhlasan hati, memiliki perasaan senang (happy), dan pelajari strategi pembelajaran agar anda menjadi seorang guru yang profesional.">Finally,
to answer the question how can I make learning fun is start learning a
heart full of sincerity, to have good feelings (happy), and the study of
learning strategies so that you become a professional teacher. </span><span title="Seorang guru yang mampu melakukan sebuah pembelajaran yang menyenangkan.">A teacher who is able to do a fun learning.</span>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-49600200365047188892012-07-09T02:39:00.001-07:002012-07-09T08:37:10.039-07:00how to make batiksorry if i used a mother tongue because i can't found the translated<br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="">1.</span> <span class="hps">Cutting</span> <span class="hps">raw materials</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>mori</span><span>=kind of fabric)</span> <span class="hps">as needed.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">2</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Mengetel</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">eliminate</span> <span class="hps">starch</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">soaking</span><span class="hps"></span> <span class="hps">mori</span> <span class="hps">manner</span> <span class="hps">with a solution</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">peanut</span> <span class="hps">oil</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">soda</span> <span class="hps">ash</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">tipol</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">water.</span> <span class="hps">Then</span> <span class="hps">mori</span> <span class="hps">diuleni</span> <span class="hps">after</span> <span class="hps">flat</span> <span class="hps">diuleni</span> <span class="hps">dried</span> <span class="hps">until dry and then</span> <span class="hps">dried</span> <span class="hps">again</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">again</span><span class="">.</span> <span class="hps">This process is</span> <span class="hps">repeated</span> <span class="hps">until</span> <span class="hps">three weeks</span> <span class="hps">ago</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">rinse thoroughly</span><span class="">.</span> <span class="hps">This</span> <span class="hps">process</span> <span class="hps">so that</span> <span class="hps">the dye</span> <span class="hps">can seep into the</span> <span class="hps">fabric</span> <span class="hps">fibers</span> <span class="hps">perfectly.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">3</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Nglengreng</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">Drawing</span> <span class="hps">directly on the</span> <span class="hps">fabric</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">4</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Isen, Isen</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">give</span> <span class="hps">variation</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">ornament</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>motif</span><span>)</span> <span class="hps">that has been</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">lengreng</span><span>.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br /> <span class="hps">5</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Nembok</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">close</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>ngeblok</span><span>)</span> <span class="hps">the base of the</span> <span class="hps">fabric</span> <span class="hps">that does not</span> <span class="hps">need to be</span> <span class="hps">colored.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">6</span><span>.</span> Ngobat<span class="hps"></span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">Coloring</span> <span class="hps">batik</span> <span class="hps">that has been</span> <span class="hps">walled</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">dipped</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">dye solution</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">7</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Nglorod</span><span class="">: Remove</span> <span class="hps">wax</span> <span class="hps">by boiling</span> <span class="hps">in boiling water</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>finishing</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">8</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Washing</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">after the</span> <span class="hps">wax</span> <span class="hps">out</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">fabric</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and then</span> <span class="hps">washed thoroughly</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">then dried</span><span>.</span>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-43985328397506828972012-07-09T02:21:00.001-07:002012-07-09T02:23:03.560-07:00English gramer<h1>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">English grammar</span></h1>
English grammar is the body
of rules that describe the structure of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">expressions</span></a>
in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English language</span></a>. This includes the structure
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words" title="Words"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">words</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrases" title="Phrases"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">phrases</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clauses" title="Clauses"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">clauses</span></a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29" title="Sentence (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">sentences</span></a>.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">grammar</span></a>
of a language is approached in two ways: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" title="Descriptive linguistics"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">descriptive</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"> grammar</span></a>
is based on analysis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">text corpora</span></a> and describes grammatical
structures thereof, whereas <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">prescriptive</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"> grammar</span></a>
attempts to use the identified rules of a given language as a tool to govern
the linguistic behaviour of speakers. This article predominantly concerns
itself with descriptive grammar.<br />
There are historical, social and regional variations of English. Divergences
from the grammar described here occur in some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language" title="List of dialects of the English language"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">dialects of English</span></a>. This
article describes a generalized present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Standard
English</span></a>, the form of speech found in types of public discourse
including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news
reporting, including both formal and informal speech. There are certain
differences in grammar between the standard forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">British
English</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">American English</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Australian English</span></a>, although these are
relatively inconspicuous compared with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical" title="Lexical"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">lexical</span></a>
differences and differences in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">pronunciation</span></a>.<br />
Grammar is divided into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29" title="Morphology (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">morphology</span></a>, which describes the formation
of words, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">syntax</span></a>,
which describes the construction of meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentences
out of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">words</span></a>.<br />
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<h2>
<span id="Word_classes_and_phrase_classes"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Word classes and phrase
classes</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h2>
Eight major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_class" title="Word class"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">word classes</span></a> of English are described here: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">noun</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">pronoun</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">verb</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adjective</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adverb</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition" title="Preposition"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">preposition</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" title="Grammatical conjunction"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">conjunction</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_%28linguistics%29" title="Determiner (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">determiner</span></a>. The first seven are
traditionally referred to as "parts of speech". There are minor word
classes, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">interjections</span></a>, but these do not fit into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause" title="Clause"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">clause</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29" title="Sentence (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">sentence</span></a> structure of English.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p296_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p296-0"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[1]</span></a></sup><br />
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_class_%28linguistics%29" title="Open class (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">open classes</span></a> – word classes that readily
accept new members, such as the noun <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebutante" title="Celebutante"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">celebutante</span></a>
(a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), the adverb <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7" title="24/7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">24/7</span></a> (as in I
am working on it 24/7) and similar relatively new words.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p296_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p296-0"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[1]</span></a></sup>
The others are regarded as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_class" title="Closed class"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">closed classes</span></a>; it is a rare occurrence for a
new pronoun, for example, to be admitted to the language.<br />
English words are not generally marked for word class – it is not possible,
as a general rule, to tell from the form of a word which class it belongs to
(except, to some extent, in the case of words with inflectional endings or
derivational suffixes). Some words belong to more than one word class; for
example run can serve as either
a verb or a noun (these are regarded as two different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">lexemes</span></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p297_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p297-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[2]</span></a></sup>
Lexemes may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflected" title="Inflected"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">inflected</span></a> to express different grammatical categories, as the
verb run has the forms runs, ran and running.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p297_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p297-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[2]</span></a></sup>
Words in one class can sometimes be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_%28linguistics%29" title="Derivation (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">derived</span></a> from those in another; this can
give rise to new words, for example the noun aerobics has recently given rise to the adjective aerobicized.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p297_1-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p297-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[2]</span></a></sup><br />
Words combine to form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">phrases</span></a> which themselves can take on the attributes of a word
class. These classes are called phrase classes.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p297_1-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p297-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[2]</span></a></sup>
The phrase: "The ancient pulse of germ and birth" is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">noun phrase</span></a>
and functions as a noun in the sentence: "The ancient pulse of germ and
birth was shrunken hard and dry." (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Thomas Hardy</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darkling_Thrush" title="The Darkling Thrush"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">The Darkling Thrush</span></a>). Other phrase
classes in English are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">verb phrases</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectival_phrase" title="Adjectival phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adjective
phrases</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adverb phrases</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpositional_phrase" title="Adpositional phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">prepositional phrases</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_phrase" title="Determiner phrase"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">determiner
phrases</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p297_1-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p297-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[2]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span id="Nouns"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nouns</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Nouns</span></a>
form the largest English word class. There are many common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">suffixes</span></a> used
to form nouns from other nouns or from other types of words, such as -age (as in shrinkage), -hood
(as in sisterhood) and so on,<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p297_1-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p297-1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[2]</span></a></sup>
although many nouns are base forms not containing any such suffix (such as cat, grass, France).
Nouns are also often created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28linguistics%29" title="Conversion (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">conversion</span></a> of verbs or adjectives, as with
the words talk and gay (a boring talk, a group
of gays).<br />
Unlike in many related languages, English nouns do not have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">grammatical gender</span></a> (although many nouns refer
specifically to male or female persons or animals, like mother, father, bull, tigress; see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_in_English" title="Gender in English"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Gender in
English</span></a>). Nouns are sometimes classified semantically (by their
meanings): as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">proper nouns and common nouns</span></a> (Cyrus, China
vs. frog, milk), or as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun#Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns" title="Noun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">concrete nouns and abstract nouns</span></a> (book, laptop vs.
heat, prejudice).<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p298_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p298-2"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[3]</span></a></sup>
A grammatical distinction is often made between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">count
(countable) nouns</span></a> such as clock
and city, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">non-count
(uncountable) nouns</span></a> such as milk
and decor.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p299_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p299-3"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[4]</span></a></sup>
A given noun can function in more than one class; for example, wine can be either countable or uncountable
(this is a good wine, I prefer red wine).<br />
Most nouns have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">singular</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural" title="Plural"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">plural</span></a> forms.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p298_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p298-2"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[3]</span></a></sup>
In most cases the plural is formed from the singular by adding -(e)s (as in dogs, bushes),
although there are also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_plural" title="Irregular plural"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">irregular</span></a> forms (woman/women, medium/media,
etc.), including cases where the two forms are identical (sheep, series). For details, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plural" title="English plural"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English
plural</span></a>.<br />
Certain nouns can take plural verbs even though they are singular in form,
as in The government were...
(where the government is
considered to refer to the people constituting the government). This is more
common in British than American English. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synesis" title="Synesis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Synesis</span></a>.<br />
English nouns are not marked for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29" title="Case (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">case</span></a>
as they are in some languages, but they have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_%28linguistics%29" title="Possessive (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">possessive</span></a> forms, formed by the addition
of -'s (as in John's, children's), or just an apostrophe (with no change in
pronunciation) in the case of -(e)s
plurals and sometimes other words ending with -s (the dogs' owners,
Jesus' love). This is sometimes
called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_genitive" title="Saxon genitive"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Saxon genitive</span></a>. More generally, the ending can
be applied to noun phrases (as in the
man you saw yesterday's sister) – see below. The possessive form can be
used either as a determiner (John's
cat) or as a noun phrase (John's
is the one next to Jane's).<br />
<h4>
<span id="Noun_phrases"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Noun phrases</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
Noun phrases are phrases that function grammatically as nouns within
sentences, for example as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_%28grammar%29" title="Subject (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">subject</span></a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28grammar%29" title="Object (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">object</span></a> of a verb. Most noun phrases have a noun
as their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%28linguistics%29" title="Head (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">head</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p299_3-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p299-3"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[4]</span></a></sup><br />
A noun phrase typically takes the following form (not all elements need be
present):<br />
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Determiner</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">+</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Other
pre-modifiers</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">+</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">NOUN</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">+</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Post-modifiers/Complement</span></div>
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In this structure:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l36 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">the determiner may be an article (the, a(n)) or other equivalent word, as described in the
following section. In many contexts some determiner is required to
complete the noun phrase.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l36 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">other pre-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">modifiers</span></a> include adjectives
and some adjective phrases (such as red,
really lovely), and other
nouns (such as college in college student). Adjectival
modifiers usually come before modifiers that are nouns.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l36 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29" title="Complement (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">complement</span></a> or post-modifier,<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p299_3-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p299-3"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[4]</span></a></sup>
if present, may be a prepositional phrase (...of London), a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">relative
clause</span></a> (like ...which
we saw yesterday), or certain adjective or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participial" title="Participial"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">participial</span></a>
phrases (...sitting on the beach).</li>
</ul>
An example of a noun phrase that includes all of the above-mentioned
elements is that rather attractive
young college student that you were talking to. Here that is the determiner, rather attractive and young are adjectival pre-modifiers, college is a noun used as a
pre-modifier, student is the
noun serving as the head of the phrase, and that you were talking to is a post-modifier (a relative clause
in this case). Notice the order of the pre-modifiers; the determiner that must come first, and the noun
modifier college must come
after the adjectival modifiers.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_%28grammar%29" title="Conjunction (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Conjunctions</span></a> such as and, or and but can
be used at various levels in noun phrases, as in John, Paul and Mary; the
matching green coat and hat; a
dangerous but exciting ride; a
person sitting down or standing up.<br />
Noun phrases can also be placed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">apposition</span></a>
(where two consecutive phrases refer to the same thing), as in that president, Abraham Lincoln,...
(where that president and Abraham Lincoln are in apposition).
In some contexts the same can be expressed by a prepositional phrase, as in the twin curses of famine and pestilence
(meaning "the twin curses" which are "famine and
pestilence").<br />
Particular forms of noun phrases include:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l35 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">phrases formed by the
determiner the with an
adjective, as in the homeless,
the English (these are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural" title="Plural"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">plural</span></a>
phrases referring to homeless people or English people in general);</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l35 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">phrases with a pronoun
rather than a noun as the head (see below);</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l35 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">phrases consisting just of
a possessive (see the paragraph above on Saxon genitives).</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span id="Determiners"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Determiners</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_determiners" title="English determiners"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English determiners</span></a></div>
English <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner_%28grammar%29" title="Determiner (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">determiners</span></a> constitute a relatively small
class of words, they include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">articles</span></a>
the, a(n) (and in some contexts some), certain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_adjective" title="Demonstrative adjective"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">demonstrative</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">interrogative</span></a>
adjectives such as this, that and which, and various quantifying words like all, many, various,
as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_%28linguistics%29" title="Numeral (linguistics)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">numerals</span></a> (one, two, etc.).<br />
Determiners are used in the formation of noun phrases (see above). Many
words that serve as determiners can also be used as pronouns (this, that, many,
etc.)<br />
Determiners can be used in certain combinations, such as all the water, the many problems, etc.<br />
<h3>
<span id="Pronouns"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pronouns</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Pronouns</span></a>
are a small class of words which function as noun phrases. They include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">personal
pronouns</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" title="Demonstrative pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">demonstrative pronouns</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">relative
pronouns</span></a>. Many words and phrases that serve as determiners
(especially quantifiers), such as many,
a little, etc., are also used
as pronouns. Sometimes the pronoun form is different, as with none (cf. determiner no), nothing, everyone,
somebody, etc.<br />
<h4>
<span id="Personal_pronouns"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Personal pronouns</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English personal pronouns</span></a></div>
The personal pronouns of modern standard English, and the corresponding
possessive forms, are as follows:<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Nominative</span></a></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Oblique</span></a></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Reflexive</span></a></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Possessive determiner</span></a></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" title="Possessive pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Possessive pronoun</span></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
1st pers. sing.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
I</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
me</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
myself</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
my</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
mine</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
2nd pers. sing./pl.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
you</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
you</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
yourself/yourselves</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
your</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
yours</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
3rd pers. sing.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
she, he, it</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
her, him, it</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
herself, himself, itself</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
her, his, its</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
hers, his, (rare:
its)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
1st pers. sing.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
we</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
us</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
ourselves</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
our</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
ours</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
3rd pers. sing.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
they</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
them</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
themselves</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
their</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
theirs</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
The second-person forms you
etc. are used with both singular and plural reference. (An archaic set of
pronouns used for singular reference is thou,
thee, thyself, thy, thine.)<br />
The third-person singular forms are differentiated according to the sex of
the referent: she etc. are used
to refer to a female person, sometimes a female animal, and sometimes an object
to which female characteristics are attributed, such as a ship or a country. A
male person, and sometimes a male animal, is referred to using he etc. In other cases it etc. are used.<br />
The third-person plural forms they
etc. are sometimes used with singular reference, as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-neutral_pronoun" title="Gender-neutral pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">gender-neutral pronoun</span></a>, as in each employee should ensure they tidy their
desk. This usage is sometimes considered ungrammatical.<br />
The possessive deteminers (my
etc.) are used as determiners to form noun phrases, as in my old man, some of his friends. The second possessive forms (mine etc.) are used when they do not
qualify a noun: as pronouns, as in mine
is bigger than yours, and as predicates, as in this one is mine. Note also the construction a friend of mine (meaning
"someone who is my friend").<br />
<h4>
<span id="Demonstrative_pronouns"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Demonstrative pronouns</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" title="Demonstrative pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">demonstrative pronouns</span></a> of English are this (plural these), and that
(plural those), as in these are good, I like that. Note
that all four words can also be used as determiners (followed by a noun), as in
those cars.<br />
<h4>
<span id="Relative_pronouns"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Relative pronouns</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
The main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">relative pronouns</span></a> in English are that, which, who, whom and whose.<br />
The first of these, that,
can refer to either persons or things, is normally restricted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_relative_clause" title="Restrictive relative clause"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">restrictive relative clauses</span></a>, and cannot
follow a preposition. For example, the
song that I listened to yesterday, but the song to which (not *to
that) I listened yesterday.
The relative pronoun that is
usually pronounced with a reduced vowel (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa" title="Schwa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">schwa</span></a>), and hence
differently from the demonstrative that
(see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_and_strong_forms_in_English" title="Weak and strong forms in English"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Weak and strong forms in English</span></a>).
If that is not the subject of
the relative clause, it can be omitted (the
song I listened to yesterday).<br />
The relative pronoun which
refers to things rather than persons, as in the shirt, which used to be red, is faded. For persons, who is used (the man who saw me was tall). The oblique case form of who is whom, as in the man
whom I saw was tall, although in less formal registers who is commonly used in place of whom.<br />
The possessive form of who
is whose (the man whose car is missing...);
however the use of whose is not
restricted to persons (one can say an
idea whose time has come).<br />
For more detail on the use of these pronouns, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauses" title="English relative clauses"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English relative clauses</span></a>.<br />
<h3>
<span id="Verbs"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Verbs</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English verbs</span></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbs" title="Verbs"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Verbs</span></a>
form the second largest word class after nouns. In declarative sentences they
usually follow the noun phrase that serves as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_%28grammar%29" title="Subject (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">subject</span></a>. English verbs can agree with the
subject in number and person (as in I
pick, he picks, they pick), although the number of
distinct forms is smaller than in many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflected_language" title="Inflected language"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">inflected languages</span></a>. Verbs also inflect for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense_%28grammar%29" title="Tense (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">tense</span></a>,
as in he picked, although tenses can also be formed synthetically (I am picking; I have picked), using
the forms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_participle" title="Present participle"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">present participle</span></a> (in -ing) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_participle" title="Past participle"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">past
participle</span></a> (identical to the past tense in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_verb" title="Regular verb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">regular verbs</span></a>).<br />
Quite a large number of verbs have irregular past tenses and/or past
participles (sing–sang–sung, show–showed–shown, catch–caught–caught). The verbs have and do also have irregular forms for the third-person singular
present tense (has, does [d<span style="font-family: "MS Mincho";">ʌ</span>z]). The verb be has the largest number of
irregular forms (am, is, are in
the present tense, was, were in
the past tense, been for the
past participle). See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_irregular_verbs" title="English irregular verbs"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English irregular verbs</span></a>.<br />
Apart from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">lexical verbs</span></a>, which constitute the vast
majority,<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p303_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p303-4"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></a></sup>
there is also a set of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">auxiliary verbs</span></a>. These add information to other
lexical verbs, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">aspect</span></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_aspect" title="Progressive aspect"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">progressive</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_%28grammar%29" title="Perfect (grammar)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">perfect</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">habitual</span></a>),
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">passive voice</span></a>,
clause type (interrogative, negative), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_modality" title="Linguistic modality"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">modality</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p303_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p303-4"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></a></sup><br />
The auxiliary verbs "be" and "have" are used to form the
perfect, progressive and passive constructions in English. Examples (the
auxiliary is in boldface and the lexical verb is italicized):<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Aspect (progressive):
"'She is breathing Granny; we've got to
make her keep it up, that's all—just keep her breathing."<sup id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[6]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Aspect (perfect):
"'Yes, I want a coach,' said Maurice, and bade the coachman draw up
to the stone where the poor man who had swooned
was sitting."<sup id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-6"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[7]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Passive voice: "When
she was admitted into the house Beautiful, care was taken to
inquire into the religious knowledge of her children."<sup id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[8]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
The auxiliary verb "do" is used in interrogative and negative
clauses when no other auxiliary verb is present:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Clause type
(interrogative): (Old joke) Boy: "Excuse me sir, How do I get to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Carnegie Hall</span></a>?" Man on street:
"Practice, Practice, Practice."</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Clause type (negative):
"The loud noise did
not surprise her."</li>
</ul>
For some<sup id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[9]</span></a>:p.19</sup>
but not all<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p303_4-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p303-4"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-9"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[10]</span></a>:p.8</sup>
sources, "used (to)" is an auxiliary verb:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Aspect (habitual):
"We used to go there often."</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_modal_verb" title="English modal verb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Modal verbs</span></a> form a closed sub-class of the
auxiliary verbs, consisting of the core modals ("can,"
"could," "shall," "should," "will,"
"would," "may," "might," "must") and
semi-modals ("had better", "ought to", "dare",
"need").<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p303_4-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p303-4"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></a></sup>
Modals add information to lexical verbs about (a) degrees of possibility or
necessity (b) permission or (c) ability.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p303_4-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p303-4"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></a></sup>
Examples:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Ability: "Before the
snow could melt for good, an ice storm
covered the lowcountry and we learned the deeper treachery of ice."<sup id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-10"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[11]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Certainty: "Eat your
eggs in Lent and the snow will
melt. That's what I say to
our people when they get noisy over their cups at San Gallo ..."<sup id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-11"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[12]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Expressing necessity:
"But I should think there must
be some stream somewhere
about. The snow must melt; besides, these great herds
of deer must drink somewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-12"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[13]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Modal verbs do not inflect for person or number.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p303_4-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p303-4"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></a></sup>
Examples:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Person: "I/you/she might consider it." "He
dare not go." "He
need not go."</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Number:
"I/we/she/they might
consider it"</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span id="History_of_English_verbs"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">History of English verbs</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
Some examples of suffixes that have been used to form verbs include
"-ate" ("formulate"), "-iate"
("inebriate"), "-ify" ("electrify"), and
"-ise" ("realise").<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p301_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p301-13"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[14]</span></a></sup>
Prefixes can also be used to create new verbs. Some examples are:
"un-" ("unmask"), "out-" ("outlast"),
"over-" ("overtake"), and "under-"
("undervalue").<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p301_13-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p301-13"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[14]</span></a></sup>
Just as nouns can be formed from verbs by conversion, the reverse is also
possible:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p301_13-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p301-13"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[14]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"so are the sons of
men snared in an evil time"<sup id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-14"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[15]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"[a national convention]
nosed parliament in the
very seat of its authority"<sup id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-15"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[16]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Verbs can also be formed from adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p301_13-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p301-13"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[14]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"To dry the old oak's sap, and
cherish springs."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[17]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Time's glory is to calm contending kings"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[17]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span id="Adjectives"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Adjectives</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
According to Carter and McCarthy, "Adjectives describe properties,
qualities, and states attributed to a noun or a pronoun."<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p308_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p308-17"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[18]</span></a></sup>
As was the case with nouns and verbs, the class of adjectives cannot be
identified by the forms of its constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p308_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p308-17"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[18]</span></a></sup>
However, adjectives are commonly formed by the addition of a suffix to a noun.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p308_17-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p308-17"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[18]</span></a></sup>
Examples: "-al" ("habitual," "multidimensional,"
"visceral"), "-ful" ("blissful,"
"pitiful," "woeful"), "-ic" ("atomic,"
"gigantic," "pedantic"), "-ish"
("impish," "peckish," "youngish"),
"-ous" ("fabulous," "hazardous"). As with nouns
and verbs, there are exceptions: "homosexual" can be a noun,
"earful" is a noun, "anesthetic" can be a noun,
"brandish" is a verb. Adjectives can also be formed from other
adjectives through the addition of a suffix or more commonly a prefix:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p308_17-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p308-17"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[18]</span></a></sup>
weakish, implacable, disloyal, irredeemable, unforeseen. A number of adjectives
are formed by adding "a" as a prefix to a verb: "adrift,"
"astride," "awry."<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gradability</div>
Adjectives come in two varieties: gradable and non-gradable.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p309_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p309-18"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[19]</span></a></sup>
In a gradable adjective, the properties or qualities associated with it, exist
along a scale.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p309_18-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p309-18"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[19]</span></a></sup>
In the case of the adjective "hot," for example, we can speak of: not
at all hot, ever so slightly hot, only just hot, quite hot, very hot, extremely
hot, dangerously hot, and so forth. Consequently, "hot" is a gradable
adjective. Gradable adjectives usually have antonyms: hot/cold, hard/soft,
smart/dumb, light/heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p309_18-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p309-18"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[19]</span></a></sup>
Some adjectives do not have room for qualification or modification. These are
the non-gradable adjectives, such as: pregnant, married, incarcerated,
condemned, adolescent (as adjective), dead, and so forth.<br />
In figurative or literary language, a non-gradable adjective can sometimes
be treated as gradable, especially in order to emphasize some aspect:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"When a man's verses
cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with a forward child,
understanding, it strikes a man more
dead than a great reckoning in a little room."<sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-19"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[20]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
A non-gradable adjective might have another connotation in which it is
gradable. For example, "dead" when applied to sounds can mean dull,
or not vibrant. In this meaning, it has been used as a gradable adjective:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... the bell seemed
to sound more dead than it
did when just before it sounded in open air."<sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-20"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[21]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Gradable adjectives can occur in comparative and superlative forms.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p309_18-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p309-18"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[19]</span></a></sup>
For many common adjectives, these are formed by adding "-er" and
"-est" to the base form:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p309_18-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p309-18"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[19]</span></a></sup>
cold, colder, coldest; hot, hotter, hottest; dry, drier, driest, and so forth;
however, for other adjectives, "more" and "most" are needed
to provide the necessary qualification: more apparent, most apparent; more
iconic, most iconic; more hazardous, most hazardous. Some gradable adjectives
change forms atypically:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p309_18-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p309-18"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[19]</span></a></sup>
good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; some/many, more,
most.<br />
<h4>
<span id="Adjective_phrases"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Adjective phrases</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Forms</div>
An adjective phrase may
consist of just one adjective, or a single adjective which has been modified or
complemented.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup><br />
Adjectives are usually modified by adverb phrases (adverb in boldface;
adjective in italics):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... placing himself
in a dignified and truly imposing attitude, began to draw
from his mouth yard after yard of red tape ..."<sup id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-22"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[23]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Families did
certainly come, beguiled by representations of impossibly cheap
provisions, though the place was in
reality very expensive,
for every tradesman was a monopolist at heart."<sup id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-23"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[24]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... of anger
frequent but generally silent, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-24"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[25]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
An adjective phrase can also consist of an adjective followed by a complement,
usually a prepositional phrase, or by a "that" clause.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup>
Different adjectives require different patterns of complementation (adjective
in italics; complement in bold face):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... during that
brief time I was proud of myself, and I grew to love the
heave and roll of the Ghost ..."<sup id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-25"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[26]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... her bosom angry at his intrusion, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-26"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[27]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Dr. Drew is
especially keen on good congregational singing."<sup id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-27"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[28]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Examples of "that" clause in the adjective phrase (adjective in
italics; clause in boldface):<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Was sure that the shrill voice was that of a man—a Frenchman."<sup id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-28"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[29]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"The longest day that ever was; so she raves,
restless and impatient."<sup id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-29"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[30]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
An adjective phrase can combine pre-modification by an adverb phrase and
post-modification by a complement,<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup>
as in (adjective in italics; adverb phrase and complement in boldface):<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Few people were ever more proud of civic
honours than the Thane of Fife."<sup id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-30"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[31]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Attributive and predicative</div>
An adjective phrase is attributive when it modifies a noun or a pronoun
(adjective phrase in boldface; noun in italics):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Truly selfish genes do arise, in the sense
that they reproduce themselves at a cost to the other genes in the genome."<sup id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-31"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[32]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Luisa Rosado: a woman proud of being a midwife"<sup id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-32"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[33]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
An adjective phrase is predicative when it occurs in the predicate of a
sentence (adjective phrase in boldface):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p310_21-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p310-21"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[22]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"No, no, I didn't
really think so," returned Dora; "but I am a little tired, and it made me silly for a moment ..."<sup id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-33"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[34]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"She was ill at
ease, and looked more than usually
stern and forbidding as she entered the Hales' little drawing room."<sup id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-34"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[35]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span id="Adverbs"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Adverbs</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_adverbs" title="English adverbs"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English
adverbs</span></a></div>
Adverbs typically modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They perform a
wide range of functions and are especially important for indicating "time,
manner, place, degree, and frequency of an event, action, or process."<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p311_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p311-35"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[36]</span></a></sup>
Adjectives and adverbs are often derived from the same word, the majority being
formed by adding the "-ly" ending to the corresponding adjective form.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p311_35-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p311-35"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[36]</span></a></sup>
Recall the adjectives, "habitual", "pitiful",
"impish", We can use them to form the adverbs:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"habitually":
"... shining out of the New England
reserve with which Holgrave habitually
masked whatever lay near his heart."<sup id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-36"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[37]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"pitifully":
"The lamb tottered along far behind, near exhaustion, bleating pitifully."<sup id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-37"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[38]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"impishly":
"Well," and he grinned impishly,
"it was one doggone good party while it lasted!"<sup id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-38"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[39]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Some suffixes that are commonly found in adverbs are "-ward(s)"
and "-wise":<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p311_35-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p311-35"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[36]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"homeward":
"The plougman homeward
plods his weary way."<sup id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-39"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[40]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"downward":
"In tumbling turning, clustering loops, straight downward falling, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-40"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[41]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"lengthwise":
"2 to 3 medium carrots, peeled, halved lengthwise, and cut into 1-inch pieces."<sup id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-41"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[42]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Some adverbs have the same form as the adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p311_35-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p311-35"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[36]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"outside": </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Adverb:
"'You'd best begin, or you'll be sorry—it's raining outside."<sup id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-42"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[43]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Adjective: "It
would be possible to winter the colonies in the barn if each colony is
provided with a separate outside
entrance; ..."<sup id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-43"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[44]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"straight" </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Adverb: "Five
cigars, very dry, smoked straight
except where wrapper loosened, as it did in two cases."<sup id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-44"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[45]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Adjective:
"Numbering among the ranks of the "young and evil" in this
text are ... straight
women who fall in love with gay men, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-45"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[46]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
</ul>
Some adverbs are not related to adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p311_35-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p311-35"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[36]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"quite":
"Mr. Bingley was obliged to be in town the following day, and ...
Mrs. Bennet was quite
disconcerted."<sup id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-46"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[47]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"too":
"... like a child that, having devoured its plumcake too hastily, sits sucking its
fingers, ...."<sup id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-47"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[48]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"so": "...
oh! ... would she heave one little sigh to see a bright young life so rudely blighted, ...?"<sup id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-48"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[49]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Some adverbs inflect for comparative and superlative forms:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p311_35-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p311-35"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[36]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"soon" </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"O error, soon conceived, Thou never
comest unto a happy birth, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-49"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[50]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"Nerissa:
'superfluity comes sooner
by white hairs, but competency lives longer."<sup id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-50"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[51]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"'Least said, soonest mended!' "<sup id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-51"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[52]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"well" </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"Valrosa well deserved its name, for in
that climate of perpetual summer roses blossomed everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-52"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[53]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"'I'm afraid
your appearance in the Phycological Quarterly was better deserved,' said Mrs. Arkwright, without removing her
eyes from the microscope ..."<sup id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-53"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[54]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"Who among the
typical Victorians best
deserved his hate?"<sup id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-54"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[55]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h4>
<span id="Adverb_placement"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Adverb placement</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
Adverbs are most usually placed at the end of a phrase. Time adverbs (yesterday, soon, habitually) are the
most flexible exception. "Connecting Adverbs", such as next, then, however, may also be
placed at the beginning of a clause. Other exceptions include "focusing
adverbs", which can occupy a middle position for emphasis. "<sup id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-55"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[56]</span></a></sup><br />
<h4>
<span id="Adverb_phrases"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Adverb phrases</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Forms</div>
An adverb phrase is a phrase that collectively acts as an adverb within a
sentence; in other words, it modifies a verb (or verb phrase), an adjective (or
adjective phrase), or another adverb.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup>
The head of an adverb phrase (roman boldface), which is an adverb, may be
modified by another adverb (italics boldface) or followed by a complement
(italics boldface):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Yet all too suddenly Rosy popped back into
the conversation, ...."<sup id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-57"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[58]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Oddly enough, that very shudder did the business."<sup id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-58"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[59]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"The Stoics said, perhaps shockingly for us, that a father ceases to be a father when his
child dies."<sup id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-59"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[60]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
An adverb phrase can be part of the complement of the verb "be."
It then usually indicates location (adverb phrase in boldface; form of
"be" in italics):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"'... it is underneath the pink slip that I wore on Wednesday with my Mechlin.'"<sup id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-60"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[61]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... north-by-northeast was Rich Mountain,
..."<sup id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-61"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[62]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Adverb phrases are frequently modifiers of verbs:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"They plow through a
heavy fog, and Enrique sleeps
soundly—too soundly."<sup id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-62"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[63]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Sleepily, very sleepily, you stagger to your feet and
collapse into the nearest chair."<sup id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-63"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[64]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Adverb phrases are also frequently modifiers of adjectives and other adverbs
(modifier in boldface; modified in italics):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(adjectives) "Then
to the swish of waters as the sailors sluice the decks all around and
under you, you fall into a really
deep sleep."<sup id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-64"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[65]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(adverbs) "'My
grandma's kinda deaf and she sleeps like really heavily."<sup id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-65"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[66]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Adverb phrases can also be modifiers of noun phrases (or pronoun phrases)
and prepositional phrases (adverb phrases in boldface; modified phrases in
italics):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(noun phrase): "She
stayed out in the middle of the wild sea, and told them that was quite the loveliest place, you could see for many miles all round
you, ...."<sup id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-66"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[67]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(pronoun phrase):
"... the typical structure of glioma is that of spherical and
cylindrical lobules, almost
each and everyone of which
has a centrally located blood vessel."<sup id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-67"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[68]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(prepositional phrase):
"About halfway through the movie, I decided to
..."<sup id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-68"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[69]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Adverb phrases also modify determiners (modifier in boldface; modified in
italics):<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p312_56-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p312-56"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[57]</span></a></sup><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"The devil knows best
what he said, but at least she became his tool and was in the habit of
seeing him nearly every evening."<sup id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-69"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[70]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Nearly if not quite all civilized peoples and
ourselves above almost all others, are heavily burdened
with the interest upon their public debt."<sup id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-70"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[71]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Functions</div>
According to Carter and McCarthy, "As well as giving information on the
time, place, manner and degree of an action, event, or process, adverb phrases
can also have a commenting function, indicating the attitude and point of view
of the speaker or writer towards a whole sentence or utterance."<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p313_71-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p313-71"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[72]</span></a></sup>
Examples:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a
damn."<sup id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-72"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[73]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Astonishingly, she'd shelled
every nut, leaving me only the inner skin to remove."<sup id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-73"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[74]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Adverb phrases also indicate the relation between two clauses in a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p313_71-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p313-71"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[72]</span></a></sup>
Such adverbs are usually called "linking adverbs." Example:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"... they concluded
from the similarities of their bodies, that mine must contain at least
1724 of theirs, and consequently
would require as much food as was necessary to support that number of
Lilliputians."<sup id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-74"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[75]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span id="Prepositions"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prepositions</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
Prepositions relate two events in time or two people or things in space.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p313_71-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p313-71"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[72]</span></a></sup>
They form a closed class.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p313_71-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p313-71"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[72]</span></a></sup>
They also represent abstract relations between two entities:<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p313_71-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p313-71"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[72]</span></a></sup>
Examples:<br />
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">("after":)
"We came home from Mr. Boythorn's after six pleasant weeks."<sup id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-75"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[76]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">("after":)
"'That was done with a bamboo,' said the boy, after one glance."<sup id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-76"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[77]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">("to":) "I
must go down to the seas
again, to the vagrant gypsy
life, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-77"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[78]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">("between" and
"through":) "Between
two golden tufts of summer grass, I see the world through hot air as
through glass, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-78"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[79]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">("during":)
"During these years at
Florence,
Leonardo's history is the history of his art; he himself is lost in the
bright cloud of it."<sup id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-79"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[80]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">("of":)
"When to the sessions of
sweet silent thought I summon up remembrances of things past."<sup id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-80"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[81]</span></a></sup></li>
</ol>
Prepositions are accompanied by prepositional complements;<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup>
these are usually noun phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup>
In the above examples, the prepositional complements are:<br />
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">preposition:
"after"; prepositional complement: "six pleasant
weeks"</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">preposition:
"after"; prepositional complement: "one glance"</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">preposition:
"to"; prepositional complement: "the seas";
preposition: "to"; prepositional complement: "the vagrant
gypsy life";</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">preposition:
"Between"; prepositional complement: "two golden tufts of
summer grass,"; preposition: "through"; prepositional
complement: "hot air"; preposition: "as through";
prepositional complement: "glass."</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">preposition:
"during"; prepositional complement: "these years at Florence."</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">preposition:
"of"; prepositional complement: "sweet silent
thought"; preposition: "of"; prepositional complement:
"things past."</li>
</ol>
<h4>
<span id="Prepositional_phrases"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prepositional phrases</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h4>
A prepositional phrase is formed when a preposition combines with its
complement.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p314-315_82-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p314-315-82"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[83]</span></a></sup>
In the above examples, the prepositional phrases are:<br />
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">prepositional phrase:
"after six pleasant weeks"</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">prepositional phrase:
"after one glance"</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">prepositional phrases:
"to the seas" and "to the vagrant gypsy life"</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">prepositional phrases:
"Between two golden tufts of summer grass," "through hot
air" and "as through glass."</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">prepositional phrase:
"During these years at Florence."</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">prepositional phrases
"of sweet silent thought" and "of things past."</li>
</ol>
<h3>
<span id="Conjunctions"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Conjunctions</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
According to Carter and McCarthy, "Conjunctions express a variety of
logical relations between phrases, clauses and sentences."<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup>
There are two kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and
subordinating conjunctions.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Coordinating</div>
Coordinating conjunctions link "elements of equal grammatical status."<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup>
The elements in questions may vary from a prefix to an entire sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup>
Examples:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(prefixes): "The
doctor must provide facilities for pre-
and post test counselling and have his own strict procedures
for the storing of that confidential information."<sup id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-83"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[84]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(words): "'No, I'll
never love anybody but you, Tom, and I'll never marry anybody but you--and you
ain't to ever marry anybody
but me, either."<sup id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-84"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[85]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(phrases): "Can storied urn or animated bust back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?"<sup id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-85"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[86]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(subordinate clauses):
"Whether I shall turn out to
be the hero of my own life, or
whether that station will be held
by anybody else, these pages must show.<sup id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-86"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[87]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(independent clauses):
"Well, I think you're here,
plain enough, but I think you're a tangle-headed old fool,
Jim."<sup id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-87"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[88]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(sentences): "He
said we were neither of us much to look at and we were as sour as we
looked. But I don't feel as
sour as I used to before I knew robin and Dickon."<sup id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-88"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[89]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
A correlative conjunction is
a pair of constituent elements, each of which is associated with the
grammatical unit to be coordinated.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p315_81-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p315-81"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[82]</span></a></sup>
The common correlatives in English are:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"either ... or":
</li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"The clergyman
stayed to exchange a few sentences, either of
admonition or reproof, with his haughty
parishioner ...."<sup id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-89"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[90]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"...; for I
could not divest myself of a misgiving that something might happen to London in the
meanwhile, and that, when I got there, it would be either greatly deteriorated or clean gone."<sup id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-90"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[91]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"neither ...
nor": </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"Buck made no
effort. He lay quietly where he had fallen. The lash bit into him again
and again, but he neither whined nor struggled."<sup id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-91"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[92]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, action,
nor utterance, nor the power of speech, to stir men's blood: I only speak
right on; ..."<sup id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-92"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[93]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"both ... and" </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"There was no
mistaking her sincerity—it breathed in every tone of her voice. Both Marilla and
Mrs. Lynde recognized its
unmistakable ring."<sup id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-93"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[94]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"There messages
have both ethical and pragmatic
overtones, urging women to recognize that even if they do suffer from
physical and social disadvantages, their lives are far from being
determined by their biology."<sup id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-94"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[95]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">"Not only ... but
also" </li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"The director
of A Doll's House, the
brilliant Zhang Min, ..., was impressed with Lin not only professionally
but also personally."<sup id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-95"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[96]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">"... she
attempted to persuade her husband to give up his affair. Not only did he refuse, but
he also told her he loved them both ...."<sup id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-96"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[97]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Subordinating conjunctions</div>
Subordinating conjunctions relate only clauses to one another. They make the
clause in which they appear into a subordinate clause.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p316_97-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p316-97"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[98]</span></a></sup>
Some common subordinating conjunctions in English are: (of time) after, before, since, until, when, while;
(cause and effect): because, since,
now that, as, in order that, so; (opposition): although, though, even though, whereas, while; (condition): if, unless, only if, whether or not, even
if, in case (that), and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p316_97-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p316-97"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[98]</span></a></sup>
Some examples are:<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(time:
"before"): "Perhaps Homo erectus had already died out before Homo sapiens arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-98"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[99]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(cause and effect:
"in order that"): "In
order that feelings,
representations, ideas and the like should attain a certain degree of
memorability, it is important that they should not remain isolated
..."<sup id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-99"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[100]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(opposition:
"although"): "Ultimately there were seven more sessions, in
which, although she remained talkative, she
increasingly clearly conveyed a sense that she did not wish to come any
more."<sup id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-100"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[101]</span></a></sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">(condition: "even
if"): "Even if Sethe could deal with the return of the
spirit, Stamp didn't believe her daughter could."<sup id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-101"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[102]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span id="Clause_syntax"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Clause syntax</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_clause_syntax" title="English clause syntax"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">English clause syntax</span></a></div>
A clause consists of a subject, which is usually a noun phrase, and a
predicate which is usually a verb phrase with an accompanying grammatical unit
in the form of an object or complement.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy2006-p486_102-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy2006-p486-102"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[103]</span></a></sup>
A verb phrase contains verbs which can be lexical, auxiliary, or modal. The
head is the first verb in the verb phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-carter-mccarthy-p304_103-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-carter-mccarthy-p304-103"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[104]</span></a></sup>
Example: '"I didn't notice Rowen around tonight," remarked Don, as
they began to prepare for bed. "Might
have been sulking in his tent," grinned Terry."'<sup id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar#cite_note-104"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[105]</span></a></sup>
Here, the verb phrase "might have been sulking" has the form
"modal-auxiliary-auxiliary-lexical."<br />
<h3>
<span id="Adjuncts"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Adjuncts</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
The label adjunct refers to
any part of a sentence which could be removed without leaving behind something
ungrammatical. Adjuncts are usually adverbial in nature. For example, in the
sentence ‘I met John yesterday’, the adverb yesterday is an adjunct because it
can be removed without producing ungrammaticality.<br />
Similarly, in the sentence ‘I visited France during the summer’, the
adverbial phrase ‘during the summer’ is an adjunct because it can be removed
without leaving behind a sentence fragment which is ungrammatical.<br />
<h3>
<span id="Verb_complementation"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Verb complementation</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
Different verbs can be followed by different kinds of words and structures.
For example, after a verb like write
or read, it is normal to expect
a noun, in which case the verb is being used transitively. Phrasal verbs
contain a verb and a preposition or adverb; for example, wait for, followed by a noun object,
has a different meaning from wait
without for. Suggest can be followed by an object
in the form of a that-clause or by an –ing form, but not an infinitive. There
are no simple rules for determining what kind of structures can follow what
verbs.<br />
<h2>
<span id="History_of_English_grammars"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">History of English grammars</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_English_grammars" title="History of English grammars"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">History of English grammars</span></a></div>
The first English grammar,
Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar, written with the ostensible goal of
demonstrating that English was just as rule-based as Latin, was published in
1586. Bullokar’s grammar was faithfully modeled on William Lily’s Latin
grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534), which was being used in schools in England at that
time, having been “prescribed” for them in 1542 by Henry VIII. Although
Bullokar wrote his grammar in English and used a “reformed spelling system” of
his own invention, many English grammars, for much of the century after
Bullokar’s effort, were written in Latin, especially by authors who were aiming
to be scholarly. John Wallis’s Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ (1685) was the last
English grammar written in Latin.<br />
Even as late as the early 19th century, Lindley Murray, the author of one of
the most widely used grammars of the day, was having to cite “grammatical authorities”
to bolster the claim that grammatical cases in English are different from those
in Ancient Greek or Latin.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-56317149198008296712012-06-26T08:37:00.002-07:002012-06-26T08:39:15.160-07:00funny written VII<div class="mbl notesBlogText clearfix">
<div>
Monster : `( ◣‿◢)´ har har har...<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah merah : Ternyata kamu monsternya ( ⋋▂⋌)-O-<br />
<br />
Monster : `( ◣‿◢)´ lalu??...<br />
...<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>Satria zirah merah : Baiklah...<br />
<br />
..‘o’)> ciattt... v( ‘.’ )v haaa...<br />
<br />
Monster : (=_=)a lu ngapain sihhh??<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah merah : \(҂`☐´)/ jangan ganggu konsentrasi mau berubah nih!!!<br />
<br />
Monster : ...<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah merah : huh dari awal deh...<br />
<br />
..‘o’)> ciattt... v( ‘.’ )v haaa...<br />
<br />
(◡ʃƪ◡) Was Wes Wos Was Wes Wos... (~ ̄▽ ̄)~ HOLAAaaAAAaaaa...<br />
<br />
o~(❤‿❤o~)..xi xi xi xi...<br />
<br />
Monster : Dah boleh serang ??? (-'_'-)??<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah Merah : \(҂`☐´)/ SABAR NGAPA SIH!!!... Jadi monster ga prof banget!!<br />
<br />
Monster : ...<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah Merah : (T__T) Dasar monster jaman sekarang ga sabaran.. dari awal lagi nehhhh!!<br />
<br />
..‘o’)> ciattt... v( ‘.’ )v haaa...<br />
<br />
(◡ʃƪ◡) Was Wes Wos Was Wes Wos... (~ ̄▽ ̄)~ HOLAAaaAAAaaaa...<br />
<br />
o~(❤‿❤o~)..xi xi xi xi... ( ื▿ ืʃƪ) pi po pi (ʃƪื ื▿ ื) pap pop...<br />
<br />
o(≧o≦)o HOBAAA!!!!!!... taraaaa... nnaaaa nuuuu... wallaaaa .. weleee..<br />
<br />
Monster : \(‾.‾"/).... caw dulu mau bikin mie... Kalo dah jadi miscall aje....<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah Merah : \(҂`☐´)/ Tungguuuu.....!!!<br />
<br />
Monster : (‾.‾҂) Apa lagehhh!!!<br />
<br />
Satria Zirah Merah : (☉,☉) Minta Hape nya Miscall kemana gue ga tau...!!</div>
</div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-66172155277388597692012-06-26T08:31:00.002-07:002012-06-26T08:31:35.658-07:00gambar lucu<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTq6I3_hUCN13w-pU8HuUf4fADC9PLC-rPkxMpp6n_dg2fCSaCv7OosNbv-ZRLEgdMrr-4fikmUmWSr7HY5YJXk6ntYR1-qu0-z88rgjxyFrCZBFgCQAN5b-ZGwT724D9n7aujrp5b98c/s1600/482566_426427390713008_1533101569_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTq6I3_hUCN13w-pU8HuUf4fADC9PLC-rPkxMpp6n_dg2fCSaCv7OosNbv-ZRLEgdMrr-4fikmUmWSr7HY5YJXk6ntYR1-qu0-z88rgjxyFrCZBFgCQAN5b-ZGwT724D9n7aujrp5b98c/s320/482566_426427390713008_1533101569_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-2862402073945749992012-06-26T08:29:00.001-07:002012-06-26T08:32:16.494-07:00funny written VI<div class="mbl notesBlogText clearfix">
<div>
Arwah 1: Oii kamu ko tiba-tiba nongol disini?? cepet banget nyusul gue...<br />
<br />
Arwah 2: Gara-gara kamu<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: Ha?? tapi kamu udah sampaikan bukan pesen terakhir saya ama gebeten saya??<br />
...<br />
Arwah 2: Udah dan karena itu saya mati...<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: =.=a ... ga ngerti<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Arwah
2 : saya bilang kalau kamu sayang dan cinta sama gebetan kamu, dia
langsung lompat-lompat dan teriak AKHIRNYAAA!!!... berikut saya bilang
kamu udah mati...<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: STRESS!! Dari seneng langsung down pasti, tapi kamu ga mungkin dibunuh gara-gara itu kan??<br />
<br />
Arwah
2: Ga lah... Dari senang dia langsung murung, akhirnya saya sampaikan
berita ke tiga.. kalau saya juga suka sama dia, lupakan kamu ma saya
aja...<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: Walah.. makan temen. Lalu kamu dibunuh??<br />
<br />
Arwah 2: Ga lah, diterima malah...<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: =.=a terus napa mati??<br />
<br />
Arwah 2: Pas bilang ok saya seneng banget loncat-loncat... berikut dia bilang "cintai saya seperti kamu mencintainya.."<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: ... :| berat emang... saya sih ga masalah soalnya punya perusahaan tiga.<br />
<br />
Arwah 2: Itulah... saya bunuh diri karena kecewa..<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: Kamu belum buka salah satu amplop warisan untukmu dari saya ya??<br />
<br />
Arwah 2 : Belum saya terlalu kecewa dan bunuh diri, napa gitu??<br />
<br />
Arwah 1: XD saya mewariskan ketiga perusahaan itu untukmu!!!<br />
<br />
Arwah 2: $%!#%@!</div>
</div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-63389488142785770942012-06-26T08:26:00.002-07:002012-06-26T08:32:08.508-07:00funny written V<div class="mbl notesBlogText clearfix">
<div>
Musafir: \(´▽)/ Wew .. botol JIN!! (gosok-gosok)<br />
...<br />
...<br />
SIAL!! LAMPU BIASA NI SEH!! -Brak (banting)<br />
<br />
...Lampu: Adawww!!!<br />
<br />
Musafir: Hmm (-.-)...<br />
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>PLETAK-PLETOK-PLETAK-PLETOK (getokin kebatu)<br />
<br />
Jin : I..iye..iyeee gua kluarrrr!! T_T bush!!<br />
<br />
Musafir: (‾.‾҂) gaji buta...<br />
<br />
Jin: Ehm.. a ha ha ha ha saya kabulkan 3 permintaan..<br />
<br />
Musafir: (‾.‾҂) bagus..<br />
<br />
Jin: Dah buru... gue mau lanjutin sinetron putri tukar beras.<br />
<br />
Musafir: Saya minta kamu dengar baik-baik permintaan saya<br />
<br />
Jin: ok dua lagi<br />
<br />
Musafir: HA!? \(҂`☐´)/ yang itu jangan diitung!!!<br />
<br />
Jin: (~ ‾З‾)~ eits ga ada aturannya.. itu diitung<br />
<br />
Musafir: jangan licik doonggg... T__T<br />
<br />
Jin: OK saya ga licik!! (‾ ♉ ‾) satu lagi<br />
<br />
Musafir: $#!$!$!!<br />
<br />
Jin: (◡‿◡✿) xi xi xi ...<br />
<br />
Musafir: Grrr.. permintaan saya yang terakhir,<br />
saya minta kamu ga boleh nonton sinetron lagi... `( ◣‿◢)´<br />
<br />
Jin: (!!/˚☐˚)/ tu..tung..tunggu!!<br />
<br />
Musafir: dah masuk lagi sono!!!<br />
...(҂‾.‾)V gue mau cari jin laen yang lebih soleh...</div>
</div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-17044551332383903812012-06-26T08:21:00.001-07:002012-06-26T08:31:58.256-07:00funny written IV<div class="mbl notesBlogText clearfix">
<div>
Prajurit 1: sstttt... kita harus mengendap sampai gudang persenjataan, kamu sudah siap??<br />
<br />
Prajurit 2: '.')7 SIAAAPP!!<br />
<br />
Prajurit 1: GEBLEK!!! (҂`☐´)-O)‾З‾)ː̖́ JANGAN BERISIK!!!!<br />
...<br />
Prajurit 2: T_T siap...<br />
<br />
Prajurit 1: Keluarkan petanya..<br />
<br />
Prajurit 2: ini...<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Prajurit 1: @$#@$!!!<br />
<br />
Prajurit 2: (-'_'-) napa??<br />
<br />
Prajurit 1: (╥_╥) ngapain lo bawa peta pulau jawa??<br />
<br />
Prajurit 2: =.=)a kan kita ada dijawa...<br />
<br />
Prajurit 1: Sekalian aja lo bawa globe!!!<br />
<br />
Prajurit 2: Berat (-'_'-)<br />
<br />
Prajurit 1: Jangan komentar!! (҂`☐´)-O)TЗT)ː̖́</div>
</div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-36229056473690102892012-06-26T08:20:00.001-07:002012-06-26T08:31:48.067-07:00funny written IIIMarketing: (‾⌣‾) siang pa..<br />
<br />
Target: ('_') siang...<br />
<br />
Marketing: Saya dari perusahaan X ini ada program pa, bisa dilihat brosurnya...<br />
<br />
Target: (o_0)?? ...<br />
<br />
Marketing: Liat-liat dulu pak...<br />
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>Target: Ah saya lagi ga minat ma mebel... ini aja banyak cicilan belum lunas..<br />
<br />
Marketing: Ahhh 0('0' ) ... pusing?? ini silakan liat brosur obat S ini bisa loh buat segala penyakit...<br />
<br />
Target: ... Ga terima kasih lain kali saja, saya lagi sibuk ini...<br />
<br />
Marketing: ^^)d sip.. kalo sibuk liat brosur ini pa, dengan alat x anda akan serasa dipijet... capai tidak terasa...<br />
<br />
Target: T__T tidak terima kasihh... apapun yang anda tawarkkan saya tidak punya uang, lebih baik anda jangan buang waktu anda<br />
<br />
Marketing:
Baik pak... kalau gitu coba dilihat yang ini, ini dari bank CC
menawarkan sebuah asuransi dan ajakan penanaman modal..<br />
<br />
Target: \(҂`☐´)/ Ngerti ga sihhh!!!! gue ga punya uanggggg....<br />
<br />
Marketing:
(‾ ♉ ‾) jangan khawatirrrrrr... susah membuat orang mengerti?? saya
ada brosur sekolah kepribadian, anda akan diajarkan cara ngomong...<br />
<br />
Target : (☉,☉) lo sebenernya sales apa sih?? banyak amat??<br />
<br />
Marketing: apa aja ada pa... ^^)d<br />
<br />
Target: (‾.‾҂) ada barang yang bisa bikin lo pergi ga??<br />
<br />
Marketing: \^0^/ Adaaaaa!!!!!<br />
<br />
Target: =.=a apa tuh??<br />
<br />
Marketing:
ini pa tanda tangan disini, bapak akan disurvey dan bila lolos mebel
akan sampai dalam waktu 1 minggu... biaya materainya 12ribu pak...<br />
<br />
Target: T_T ... parah!!!prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-72940412925844894642012-06-26T08:17:00.002-07:002012-06-26T08:29:47.504-07:00box of horrortulisan temen facebook. belum kelar tp enak buat di baca !!! <br />
<br />
Sore tadi Ariel membawakan sesuatu untukku. Sekotak mungil yang dia
genggam di tangan kirinya dan dia angsurkan ke telapak tanganku.<br />
<br />
"Bukalah saat menjelang tidur nanti," katanya.<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Aku tak sabar menanti malam. Aku ingin segera membuka kotak mungil berbungkus pink itu.<br />
<br />
Kini malam telah menjelang. Kantukku mulai menyerang. Aku bersiap
membuka kotak itu, ketika tiba-tiba ringtone yang aku setel khusus
untuk Ariel berbunyi.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>"Ya? sapaku dengan heran.<br />
<br />
"Beib, maaf... salah ngasih kotak. Jangan dibuka ya. Pliss."<br />
<br />
Omaygot.... Jadi apa isi kotak ini dan untuk siapa?<br />
<br />
“Beib,… masih disitu?”<br />
<br />
“Masih…, Riel kamu selingkuh ya?”<br />
<br />
“Tuh kaaann,.. ga sumpah! Justru aku sayang kamu makanya jangan dibuka.”<br />
<br />
“Ok,..” Aku singkat saja menjawab si Ariel.<br />
<br />
“Ga percaya!! Kamu pasti buka, gini aja Beib, aku tahu banget detail
dari bungkusannya. Corak dibungkusnya juga limited edition. Kalau
besok ada perubahan kita putus!!!”<br />
<br />
“LHO KO JADI NGANCEM??,” aku tentu saja langsung aku sewot, mang dia pikir aku takut apa?<br />
<br />
“Sayanggggg aku mohon ya jangan dibuka, aku sekarang kerumahmu.
Hadiahnya aku ambil, terus aku ganti sama hadiah yang asli buat kamu.”<br />
<br />
“TELAT!!!,.. Cowok bukan kamu doang RIEL!!!, Aku buka!”<br />
<br />
“JANGANNNNNN!!!!! Aku ga selingkuh, aku sayang kamu Rin,..Sangat…
Karena itu aku mohon jangan dibuka, aku ga mau kehilangan kamu.”<br />
<br />
“Telat, makanya kalau mau selingkuh pikir dulu. Sekarang kamu lupa kasih kado, salahmu sendiri.”<br />
<br />
Aku yang sudah yakin Ariel selingkuh langsung menutup handphone, dan
membantingnya keatas kasur. Tak berapa lama handphone itu kembali
berdering. Aku biarkan saja dan mulai mengambil hadiah berwarna pink
tersebut.<br />
<br />
Aku melihat desain yang sangat aneh dari kertas kado tersebut.
Gambarnya adalah tengkorak yang disusun berulang. Bungkus kado berwarna
pink dengan gambar tengkorak sebenarnya sudah aneh, tapi aku dan ariel
memang penyuka musik gothic, jadinya aku malah merasa romantis bukan
aneh. Malah aku rasa tidak mungkin Ariel salah mengalamatkan kado itu,
kecuali dia punya pasangan lain yang sama-sama penggemar gothic.<br />
<br />
Ok, cukup dulu masalah corak tengkorak.<br />
<br />
melihat hobi kami aku rasa ini tidak aneh, malah bisa dibilang Ariel
keren bisa dapet bungkus kado corak tengkorak warna pink. Ada hal lain
yang aneh dari kado tersebut, yaitu kemanapun aku memutar kotak, arah
tatapan mata tengkorak serasa melihat diriku.<br />
<br />
Ah perasanku mungkin, aku langsung menarik dengan segera kotak kado
pink tersebut, dan seiring tarikanku habis pada kotak pink tersebut,
tiba-tiba lampu kamar meredup. Aku langsung terdiam dan menelan ludah,
aku terus melihat ruanganku.<br />
<br />
Aku merasa bukan lampu kamarku yang meredup, ini seperti ruangan
kamar tiba-tiba menggelap. Aku terdiam dan berhenti menatap sekeliling
ruang, lalu kembali menatap kotak berwarna pink tersebut. Sekarang aku
seperti melihat tengkorak-tengkorak pada kotak tersebut terlihat lebih
ceria.<br />
<br />
“Ahh, persetan” aku lalu teruskan membuka, dan ini ternyata adalah
kesalahan fatalku, karena aku tidak percaya peringatan Ariel. Karena
ketika lem atas kotak tersebut aku buka, tiba-tiba kotak tersebut
memanas hebat, dan aku langsung melepaskan kotak tersebut dari
genggamanku.<br />
<br />
Kotak itu terjatuh pada lantai kini, diam tak bergerak dengan aura
mistis. Aku masih terheran dan terpaku menatap kotak tersebut. Dengan
memberanikan diri aku melangkahkan kakiku dan mencoba mengambil kembali
kotak. Aku mulai dengan sentuhan ringan pada kotak, dan ternyata tidak
ada perasaan apa-apa. Itu hanya kotak biasa, ah mungkin tadi itu hanya
perasaanku saja.<br />
<br />
Akupun mulai meneruskan membuka kotak kado bewarna pink. Bungkus
kado kotak itu kini terbuka dan isinya terlihat. Aku bisa melihat
sebuah kotak kuno berwarna merah tua dengan kulit terbuat dari beludru.
Seperti sebuah kotak perhiasan kecil. Perlahan aku mulai membuka kotak
tersebut, dan aku melihat isinya.<br />
<br />
Ternyata isinya hanya kosong dan gelap. Tapi kekosongan dan gelap
itu seperti tidak menempati sebuah kotak kecil, aku bagai melihat
ruangan maha luas yang gelap dari sebuah lubang kotak.<br />
<br />
Kebingunganku semakin menjadi karena kegelapan itu meluncur keluar
dan mulai menyelimuti ruangan kamarku. Aku kini merasa terpisah dari
kamarku dan masuk pada sebuah ruangan lain, kepalaku mulai pusing dan
berdenging , dan aku semakin tak bisa berpikir. Tak berapa lama semua
kejadian berhenti dan suara denging itu berakhir. Perlahan aku mulai
membuka mataku, dan langsung meloncat melihat pemandangan kamarku yang
berubah. <br />
<br />
Aku mulai melihat sekeliling ruangan baru itu, kasur empukku berubah
menjadi reot dan lapuk dengan debu dan kotor yang menghitam pada
seluruh kulit kasur. Dinding pada kamarku menguning dan pada setiap
dinding tersebut terlihat jelas, ada bekas jalan air yang coklat dengan
lumut-lumut yang subur pada setiap bekas aliran air. Dan lantai
tempatku berpijak serasa berminyak pada kakiku, aku terhenyak pada
ruangan kamarku yang sekarang bagai rumah tua tak terurus.<br />
<br />
Belum habis rasa heranku, tiba-tiba pada meja riasku disalah satu
pojok ruang, terdengar suara berdecit pada kaca. Meja itu bergetar dan
menghampiriku, aku mundur dan mulai naik pada ranjang reot milikku. Dan
seolah meja itu melaju bergetar mengikutiku, dia terus menghampiri dan
berhenti pada sisi tempat tidur, lalu terdiam.<br />
<br />
Aku lalu memandang kaca pada meja rias itu, dan melihat bayanganku
pada kaca seolah bukan diriku. Perasaan takut kini membuatku berpaling
dari kaca, tapi hal itu tidak terjadi. Karena niat untuk berpaling
tertahan bagai sebuah mimpi buruk. Maksudku ketika aku mencoba
berpaling, aku hanya merasa niat saja tanpa kepalaku mengikuti
kehendakku. Seperti perasaan mimpi buruk yang disadari, tapi aku tidak
mampu terbangun. Aku mulai histeris dan berteriak, tapi lagi-lagi itu
hanya bagai niat yang tidak terlaksana.<br />
<br />
Perlahan kaca berdecit menyakitkan telinga, goresan pada kaca mulai
terlihat membentuk sebuah tulisan seiring dengan suara menyakitkan yang
terdengar. Dan aku yang tidak bisa memejam mau tidak mau membaca
tulisan pada kaca tersebut.<br />
<br />
“PENGANTIN”<br />
<br />
“Apa maksudnya?” Dan seolah dapat membaca apa yang kupikirkan
goresan itu terjadi lagi, suara kaca berderik pekak, dan serpihan
kaca-kaca kecil terjatuh pada lantai.<br />
<br />
“PENGANTIN UNTUK KEGELAPAN, AKU AKAN MENJEMPUTMU”<br />
<br />
Sesudah selesai huruf “U” tergores maka, meja bergetar kembali dan
terlempar pada arah belakangnya menabrak dinding. Meja rias itu diam
tak bergerak, angin dingin pun mulai menyentuh tengkuk.<br />
<br />
Dan aku kembali dikejutkan suara pintu yang bergerak bolak-balik
pada engselnya tanpa tertiup angin. Aku merasa bagai ada yang
menyuruhku keluar dari ruangan kamarku dan mulai menjelajah rumahku
sendiri, yang menua karena kotak sial hadiah Ariel.<br />
<br />
“TIDAK AKAN” aku berkata pada diriku sendiri.<br />
<br />
Enak saja lebih baik aku tunggu mimpi ini berakhir. Aku mulai
menunggu dalam ketidakpastian, dan ini gila, karena pada situasi ini,
berdiam malah terasa lebih mengerikan. Dan bayanganku tentang mimpi
seolah sirna, karena rasa ini begitu nyata.<br />
<br />
Aku akhirnya melangkah perlahan menuju pintu, dan berhadapan pada pintu tersebut tanpa melihat pada celah yang terbuka.<br />
<br />
Dengan keraguan hati tanganku mulai meraih pegangan pintu, lalu aku
memejamkan mataku dan kepalaku aku tolehkan kearah belakang. Aku mulai
membuka pintu, dan perasaan itu terjadi lagi, perasaan ketika
kehendakku seolah tak mempunyai kuasa akan kontrol tubuhku, karena
wajah dan tatapku bagai dipaksa untuk melihat pada sesuatu dibalik
pintu. Tuhan aku menyesali kenapa harus ceroboh membuka pintu, walau
kusadari hal ini bukan pilihan. Gerakan tanpa kehendak itu mulai tuntas
dan wajahku sudah menghadap depan, tinggal mataku yang kini seperti
dipaksa untuk terbuka.<br />
<br />
Mataku yang terbuka perlahan karena kutahan mulai menangkap sesuatu
pada hadapku, sesuatu yang hitam dan besar. Dan kuasa akan mataku
tiba-tiba saja sepenuhnya hilang, kini aku terbelalak pada sosok
tersebut. Jantungku serasa hampir lepas,dan bayangan yang tertangkap
itu sudah nyata pada hadapku.<br />
<br />
“i..tu…ahhh, sial itu ternyata hanya bayanganku.”<br />
<br />
Benar itu bayanganku yang terpantul pada dinding yang bersebrangan
dengan pintu kamarku. Akupun mulai melangkah, Ta,..tapi tunggu dulu..<br />
<br />
“ASTAGA,..BUKANKAH TAK ADA CAHAYA YANG MAMPU MEMBUAT BAYANGAN SENYATA ITU PADA RUANGAN YANG REMANG??”<br />
<br />
Seolah sadar dengan pikiranku sosok bayangan itu tiba-tiba berkelebat kearah samping dan menghilang,.. Astaga, apa itu??<br />
<br />
“OIIII!!!... UDAH PLEASEEE…” Aku mulai berteriak dan menangis…
“Mahhh, Papahhh… tolongin Erinn!!. Mamah sama Papah dimana???,…” Aku
terjatuh pada lantai kini, dan berharap ini semua mimpi. Tiba-tiba,...<br />
<br />
Brakk!!!<br />
<br />
Ditangah ketakutanku sayup terdengar suara pada lantai bawah rumahku, dan membuatku berhenti meracau.<br />
<br />
BRakk!!!..BRAkk!!!...BRAKKK!!!!...BRAKKK!!!!!!<br />
<br />
Suara dari lantai bawah tersebut kini semakin dekat,... semakin
dekat,... dan terus semakin dekat lagi hingga aku yakin kalau suara itu
menujuku,. Dan kini pada sudut belokan dinding yang menuju kamarku,
aku melihat sebuah tangan yang sangat pucat memegang tepi dinding. Lalu
berikut menyusul keluar dari tepi dinding tersebut sebuah kepala, yang
perlahan menoleh kearahku, dan berturut-turut sosok itu mulai lengkap
ketika sudah keluar dari belokan yang menuju arah tangga. Sosok itu
kini mendekatiku dan terus melangkah dengan suara “Brak.”<br />
<br />
Melihat sosok itu aku langsung lemas dan jatuh pada lantai, seolah
aku tidak bisa bergerak kemana-mana. Sosok itu adalah orang tua dengan
rambut sebahu berwarna abu-abu kusam, dan pada tengah kepala orang
tersebut tidak ditumbuhi rambut. Perawakan orang tersebut sangat
ceking, tidak sesuai dengan suara langkahnya yang menggebrak lantai.
Kulit sosok itu berwarna putih tidak wajar, seperti kulit yang
dibawahnya tidak memiliki darah. Dia terus menujuku dan berhenti tepat
pada hadapku.<br />
<br />
“Kau Erinnnm,….” suaranya serak dan parau.<br />
<br />
“Jaaa,..jangan ..keluarin saya dari sini.” Aku meratap dari arah lantai.<br />
<br />
Orang tersebut menatapku, dan aku balas menatap dirinya. Tapi
balasan tatapku bukan kehendakku, orang itu atau entah mungkin mahluk
itu lebih tepat, kembali berbicara, “Dosamu sudah ditanggung Nduukk,
kau sudah terlepas dari dosa. Ariel sudah bersekutu dengan tuanku, dan
kau adalah milik tuanku. Surga nanti adalah bayarannya, walau sekarang
kau harus menjadi milik tuanku sebelumnya.”<br />
<br />
“Ma..maksudnya???”<br />
<br />
“Kau ditumbalkan oleh kekasihmu, Ariel.”<br />
<br />
“Ha?? Tumbal?? AKU GA MAU!!!”<br />
<br />
“Ga ada yang mau, nakkk,..” Karena itulah tindakan tumbal sangat dikutuk, dan para korbannya ditanggung dosanya.”<br />
<br />
“Jadi? Pokoknya Aku Harus Keluar!!!”<br />
<br />
“Orang yang ditumbalkan tidak bisa memilih nak, Kamu akan
menghabiskan sisa hidupmu pada alam ini. Tenang saja kami tidak
berkuasa menyakitimu. Hanya saja kamu akan diperistri oleh majikan
kami.”<br />
<br />
Kemarahan akhirnya menguasai tubuhku, dan mungkin hal itu memudarkan semua kekuatan yang memasungku.<br />
<br />
“GAAAAAAAAAAaaaaaaaaaaaaaa!!!!!!”<br />
<br />
Aku bangkit dan menampar mahluk itu hingga terjatuh pada tanah.<br />
<br />
“WoOoo, Nduk ko bisa?”<br />
<br />
Sesudah berkata demikian mahluk itu mengarahkan tangannya padaku,
dan bersikap seolah ingin memantraiku. Mahluk itu memutarkan
telapaknya kearahku, sekejap aku merasa kepalaku berat dan kehendak
tanpa keinginanku datang kembali.<br />
<br />
Ok, aku mengerti jadi dia yang memantraiku dan mengendalikan diriku.
Kemarahan kembali membuatku kuat, rasa berat pada kepala tidak
kuperdulikan aku langsung menghampiri tangan yang memutar dan
MENGIGITNYA!<br />
<br />
“AMPOENNN,…!!! Oalaahhh,… Ndukkk Piye toh!! haduhhhh tangankuu…”<br />
<br />
“AWMPYUN GWA??” Seruku sambil terus menggit tanganya yang rasanya, Hueeekk!!<br />
<br />
“Ampunn,.. Ndukk… Haduhh Hampunnn… Piye ko bisa gini iki, Haduhhh???”<br />
<br />
Aku lalu bangkit dan berteriak padanya, “Denger Jelek!!! Aku ga mau
tau, Pokonya balikin saya kedunia saya. Kalo ga, aku gigit lagi tangan
kamu.” Aku mengancam mahluk itu yang masih terus aduh-aduh pada lantai.<br />
<br />
“Nduukkkk… Aku cuman pelayan, ini semua kuasa tuanku. Dan juga, tuanku sudah diberi ijin oleh Sang Hyang Widi.”<br />
<br />
“Ahhhh,… Aku ga peduli, enak aja tarik-tarik aku kedunia ini. Mau nikahin lagi, enak aja!”<br />
<br />
“Nduuukkk… rata-rata para tumbal emang gitu nduk, tapi pas liat
majikan saya mereka semua rata-rata jatuh cinta dan hidup bahagia
disini. Bayangin si Arielmu itu, ganteng kan? Itu cuman dikasih sedikit
aja aura tuan saya. Apa lagi sang pemilik aura itu.”<br />
<br />
“Emang tuanmu ganteng ya?” Aku spontan bertanya begitu pada mahluk
naas itu. Astaga mikir apa aku ini? akal sehat akhirnya kembali
menguasaiku. “Ahh,… tapi ga bisa. Enak aja maen kawinin orang. Terus
kata kamu “semua rata-rata”, berarti banyak kan?? GUA GA MAU
DIPOLIGAMI.” Waduh ngaco lagi saya berarti kalau ga poligami aku mau
dong??<br />
<br />
“Liat dulu aja nanti ya, bentar lagi kita temui kanjeng” Mahluk itu
berkata singkat, dan kembali meratapi tangannya, yang kini ada tapak
gigiku pada kulitnya yang putih lusuh. “Haduhhh tangankuu,..”<br />
<br />
Mahluk itu perlahan bangkit sambil terus memegang tangannya, dan berkata, “Ikut Ndukk,..”<br />
<br />
“Ha? Kemana??”<br />
<br />
“Ketemu ma kanjeng!!” Katanya seolah kesal dan masih saja mengelus
tangannya. “LEBAY !!” kataku dalam hati. Emang saya gigit sampai gimana
gitu? Sampai segitu sakitnya. Lagian siapa suruh jampi-jampi
saya,“HUH!”<br />
<br />
Aku mengikuti langkah mahluk tersebut, dan menyusuri ruangan rumahku
yang kini tampak lain. Setelah tak berapa lama kami tiba diruangan
tengah rumah. Semua tampak berbeda sekarang, perabotan menjadi menua
dan semua tampak berantakan dengan semua hancuran kusen lapuk dan
debu-debu tebal pada rumahku.<br />
<br />
“Eh,.. Kamu!! Ini kenapa sih, ko rumah saya berantakan?”<br />
<br />
“Hus,.. enak aja bilang kamu. Yang sopan, saya ini bangsa Jin udah hidup lebih lama bahkan dibanding moyang kamu.”<br />
<br />
“Terus?? Jadi aku panggil kamu apa?”<br />
<br />
“Nama saya Ki Sukma Roro Asih.”<br />
<br />
Hmftt,.. aku menahan tawaku, namanya “jadoel” aku membatin.<br />
<br />
“Aku panggil kamu Kiro ya,..”<br />
<br />
“Opo? Piro? Piro opo?”<br />
<br />
“KIRO, KIII!! KI-RO bukan PI!!”<br />
<br />
“Opo Kiro? Yo Wisss, Karepmu dewek.”<br />
<br />
“Kiro ko rumah saya hancur??”<br />
<br />
“Ini hanya sebuah ruang yang ikut terbawa, pas kamu di boyong
kesini, Nduk. Saat ini rumahmu yang sebenarnya dan jasadmu masih tetap
utuh pada dunia nyata. Sebut saja ini hanya sisa dari aura rumahmu yang
ikut terbawa.”<br />
<br />
“Rumah ko punya aura? Itukan milik mahluk hidup Ki.”<br />
<br />
“Rumah juga ada Nduk, Kamu yang nempatin menahun, dan juga semua kegiatan penghuninya memberi aura sama rumah kamu.”<br />
<br />
“Ko kelam gini ki auranya?? Perasaan saya semua penghuni rumah saya ceria Ki. Ga ada gontok-gontokan.”<br />
<br />
“Aura rumahmu kepengaruh alam kegelapan Nduk.”<br />
<br />
Kami melanjutkan langkah kami, dan keluar dari rumahku melalui
pintu depan. Setelah keluar, ternyata lingkungan di sekitar rumahku
tidak tampak seperti seharusnya. Karena ternyata diluar rumahku kini,
hanya tampak seperti rawa-rawa gelap yang angker.<br />
<br />
Aku berpikir sejenak dan langsung teriak, “KIIII!!”<br />
<br />
“Ealahdalah Nduk!! Odo opo?” Kiro langsung berhenti dan memegang dadanya.<br />
<br />
“Aku ga mau tar aku ikut kepengaruh aura alam ini ya ki. Kalo sampe
aku sama anehnya kaya Kiro aku bakal gigit tangan Kiro, sampe putus.
TAU!!”<br />
<br />
“Haduhhh Ndukkk,.. Kirain odo opo tooo!! Tenang nduukkk Manusia ga
sama kaya benda, lagian kamu itu terpengaruh opoooo? Gimana mau
kepengaruh, la wong tanganku aja ampe digigit.”<br />
<br />
“Ohh,.. bagus deh,..” kataku singkat dan melaju kembali. Tapi aku
kemudian langsung berhenti, dan menoleh Kiro yang kini dibelakangku,
“KIIIIIII!!!!”<br />
<br />
“Haissss,.. ciatt..” Kiro yang tiba-tiba mendapat mukaku yang sangat
dekat pada wajahnya karena aku menoleh tiba-tiba, langsung melompat.
“Opo Nduk?? Opo? sini dekat saya,..” Menoleh kiri, kanan, atas, depan,
belakang, sambil memasang kuda-kuda silat.<br />
<br />
“Apa sih Kiro, ga jelas!! Aku cuman mau bilang Kiro di depan dong, aku kan ga apal jalan.”<br />
<br />
“HALAH!!! Ndukk,…Aku bakal adukan ini sama kanjeng, haduhhh salah opo iki aku, bisa-bisanya ketemu tumbal aneh kaya kamu.”<br />
<br />
“HA!! APA? ANEH”?<br />
<br />
Ehh, Ndak Nduk, he he ayo jalan lagi.” Kiro lalu kembali berjalan melaluiku dan memimpin kembali perjalanan ini.<br />
<br />
“Kiro…”<br />
<br />
“Opo?”<br />
<br />
“Ariel itu ikut pesugihan?”<br />
<br />
“Iyo, dah jelas toh?”<br />
<br />
“Terus?”<br />
<br />
“Terus opo?”<br />
<br />
“Ya terus opo Kiii,..Masa udah aja?” Kataku jengkel dan ikut-ikut kepengaruh pakai “O”<br />
<br />
“Mang, kamu maunya gimana?”<br />
<br />
Aku terdiam mendengar jawaban Kiro, terus terang ini sangat
tiba-tiba. Mulai dari rasa takut luar biasa sampai ketidakpastian
nasibku kelak. Aku membatin dan rasa takut mulai kembali menghantuiku
membayangkan takut-takut, bila nanti majikan Kiro yang penguasa
kegelapan tidak akan sebodoh Kiro.<br />
<br />
Kiro sepertinya sangat sakti, karena dia bagai bisa membaca jalan pikiranku, dan berkata,<br />
<br />
“Tenang Nduk, yang kafir itu kekasihmu. Kalau kamu masih tetap
mahluk Tuhan. Bahkan kamu masih bisa beribadah didunia ini. Dan bangsa
kami itu juga sebagian ada yang taat sama Sang Hyang Widi. Dan karena
kamu masih mahluk Tuhan yang tidak kafir, maka seperti kataku tadi,
kamu tidak akan disakiti didunia ini.”<br />
<br />
“Tetep aja dikawin paksa!!” Kataku ketus.<br />
<br />
“Heitsss, liat aja nanti Nduk, Kanjeng kami itu,… NIH!!” kata Kiro
acungkan jempolnya didepan mukaku, aku lalu menatap tajam kearah Kiro<br />
<br />
“Eits,..” kata Kiro serta-merta menarik jempolnya dan melindunginya sambil dikempit dibawah ketiak.<br />
<br />
“Terus, si Ariel sial itu, apa dia akan kealam ini nanti?”<br />
<br />
“Yo, Wis pasti itu, terus sambutannya ga akan sebaik sama kamu.”<br />
<br />
Sekilas setelah kata terakhir, aku bergidik melihat Kiro yang sesaat
tadi matanya menjadi buas. Dan kami kembali berjalan, sampai tak
berapa lama, kami akhirnya sampai pada sebuah bangunan megah yang
berdiri ditengah alam yang berkesan angker. Bangunan itu adalah Istana
Joglo yang sangat megah dan besar, lalu ketika kami masuk kesan angker
langsung sirna. Karena warna-warna emas yang terang dan udara segar
langsung menggantikan udara pengap dan angker dunia diluar bangunan
ini.<br />
<br />
Aku dan kiro akhirnya mencapai pintu bangunan tersebut, dan mulai
memasuki pintu gerbang yang terbuka. Tampaknya aku sudah mencapai aula
nan luas, dalam aula tersebut aku melihat banyak wanita cantik dengan
kebaya berwarna hijau yang kecantikannya sangat jauh melebihi
wanita-wanita didunia nyata, para wanita itu berjejer panjang sampai
pada ujung. Dan pada ujung barisan aku melihat sebuah singgasana dengan
seorang yang pakaiannya seperti masyarakat kuno bangsawan Jawa.<br />
<br />
Aku dan Kiro terus berjalan pada bangunan megah tersebut dan mendekati sosok yang terduduk pada bangku singgasana.<br />
<br />
Orang yang terduduk itu lalu bangkit, seiring orang itu bangkit para
wanita yang berjejer menunduk takjim, dan Kiro pun bersujud pada orang
tersebut. Sementara aku yang bingung hanya berdiri tidak bergerak, dan
melihat wajah orang tersebut. Sebuah sosok yang seperti memakai
pakaian pengantin adat Jawa.<br />
<br />
Ternyata benar kata Kiro orang tersebut sangat rupawan, tidak
seperti lelaki pada dunia nyata. Orang tersebut mempunyai sebuah
karisma luar biasa dengan ketampanan yang membuat jantungku rasanya
tersiksa karena terus berdegup kencang. Bahkan badanku gemetar, bukan
karena takut tapi karena tak kuasa melihat keanggunan orang tersebut.
Tapi,…<br />
<br />
“ENGGAAKKKK!!!!”<br />
<br />
“Ya,.. Ampunn GUSTIII!!! Kumat toh sampean” Kiro langsung bangkit
tergopoh pada sujudnya dan langsung berdiri antara aku dan orang
tersebut, lalu kembali bersujud.<br />
<br />
“Ampunnn, Kanjenggg tumbal satu ini emang ndableg, Kanjeng.”<br />
<br />
“Enak aja Tumbal!!” Aku langsung menghampiri pria itu dan
kemarahanku membuat aku tidak perduli pada kerupawanan sosok tersebut,
lalu aku menunjuk-nunjuk pada dadanya.<br />
<br />
“Eh denger,.. Emang sapa lo? Enak aja maen culik orang dan bilang
dikawin. Yang bikin perjanjiankan Ariel, lo kawin aja ma Ariel ngapain
lo ngawinin gue, HAAA?” kataku sambil terus menatap lekat pada matanya
dan,, DAMN!! aku kembali tak kuasa, “Ja..Jawab kataku, berusaha
mengalahkan getaran pesona orang dihadapku.”<br />
<br />
“HEE,.. Mang gue pikirin!!!. Lo tuh bayarannya masuk SORGA tau, Gue cuman disuruh Tuhan buat nguji umat.<br />
<br />
Lo liat noh,… cewek-cewek disekeliling lho. Pada caem gitu, ngapain gue kawin ma cewek manusia, mana bawel kaya lo.”<br />
<br />
!!!!.. aku langsung gubrak, aku berpikir dia akan seram atau menjawab penuh wibawa. Ko malah sama bawelnya ma gue,..??<br />
<br />
“Ta,.tapi..”<br />
<br />
“Apa tapi-tapi?”<br />
<br />
“A..Anu.”<br />
<br />
“Elu yang panuan, gw kaga,..”<br />
<br />
“DIEMMM!!!!”<br />
<br />
“Bah!! Pan elu yang suruh gue jawab…”<br />
<br />
“ARGH!!!”<br />
<br />
“UDAHhh-udahh!!, ini ko malah pada berant,…” PLAK!!! aku yang kesal
melayangkan pukulan dan lagi-lagi mahluk naas itu terhajar tanganku.<br />
<br />
“Modarrrr dakuu!!!”seru Kiro sambil nyusruk ke lantai.<br />
<br />
“Eh ngapain lo mukul Mbah gue!!”<br />
<br />
“Salah ndiri dia ditengah pas gue mau nabok lo!!”<br />
<br />
“Ka..kamu mau nabok saya??”<br />
<br />
“IYA!!” Aku yang emang sudah geram dengan kebawelan Raja alam ini, menjawab singkat.<br />
<br />
“Kiiii,..dia error!!,..”<br />
<br />
“Emanggggg!!!” sahut Kiro dari bawah, sambil mengelus pipinya.<br />
<br />
“Haaaa,… Sudahlah. Gue ga mau tau, suka ga suka, mau ga mau kita
nikah. Itu dah aturan. Dan itu “Harusss.” kata Raja sambil menatap
mataku.<br />
<br />
“Eng..enggak…” kataku ragu-ragu.<br />
<br />
“Upacara doang!! Dah gitu beres, Selanjutnya terserah kamu. Dan saya tidak akan melakukan “itu” kalau kamu ga mau.”<br />
<br />
“Apa? “Itu”..”<br />
<br />
“Ituu,.. “ Kata sang Raja sambil menautkan jari telunjuk kiri dan kanan.<br />
<br />
“Apa sih??” Kataku.<br />
<br />
PLAK!!! Sang raja tampak putus asa dan memukul dahinya hingga topi jawanya miring.<br />
<br />
“KI,.. Jelasin” katanya pada Kiro.<br />
<br />
“I..Iya kanjeng,..” Lalu Kiro bangkit dan menatapku lama, sebelum
akhirnya berkata, “I… ituu.. ini,.. yaa.. ituu..pokonya, begini nihh..”
Katanya sambil dia mendatarkan tangan kirinya dengan telapak kirinya
menghadap atas dan dipukul oleh tangan kanan dari atas,
“Plok…Plok..Plok” mirip orang tepuk tangan tapi posisi tangannya
mendatar.<br />
<br />
“HALAH!! kataku frustasi,.. "malam pertama,..”<br />
<br />
“NAHHHH,…” kata Raja dan Kiro sumringah sambil menunjuk padaku.<br />
<br />
“GA MAUUUU!!!” kataku menjerit.<br />
<br />
“Hadoehhhh,…Kan emang aku bilang gituhhhh,.. kalo ga mau ya udah ga
maksa, aku juga sebenarnya ga mau.” Kata Raja sambil menutup kupingnya.<br />
<br />
“Kiii,.. bawa ni orang keruangannya.. Bisa gila lama-lama saya.”<br />
<br />
“Dalem Kanjeng,…”<br />
<br />
Lalu Kiro membawaku kembali berjalan menyusuri istana yang sangat
indah dan terus terang aku merasa bahagia disini entah kenapa. Walau
tadi aku marah-marah, tapi aku tetap merasa bahagia, sekarang ketika
aku kembali berjalan dan menyusuri istana yang indah hal ini baru
kusadari.<br />
<br />
“Nduk,.. Emang dunia kamu sudah tanpa beban. Sebenarnya ini adalah alam yang berhubungan dengan dunia manusia.<br />
<br />
Untuk orang yang terkutuk dia akan melihat Raja, Dayang dan Diriku
dengan Persepsi berbeda. Mereka akan melihat kami dengan semua
keangkeran kami.<br />
<br />
Tapi sebenarnya kami tidak berwujud Nduk, dan terkadang manusia
sesat kami perlihatkan keindahan ini untuk maksud menipu, tapi untukmu
manusia yang ditumbalkan, anggap saja tugasmu pada dunia sudah tuntas.
Dunia kami tidak akan kejam padamu, karena kami akan menyambutmu disini
sebagai calon penghuni surga.”<br />
<br />
Aku terdiam mendengar kata-kata Kiro yang lagi-lagi bagai membaca pikiranku, dan bertanya kembali padanya.<br />
<br />
“Terus Kiro kenapa kamu menyeramkan?? Sosokmu itu mirip kakek-kakek yang udah jadi mayat.”<br />
<br />
“Ha ha ha,… bagaimanapun, toh aku tidak kejam padamukan?”<br />
<br />
"HUH!!, Tapi tadi kamu jampi-jampi saya." Kataku protes.<br />
<br />
"Ndukk, ini adalah dunia kegelapan. Tidak semua seperti kami, ada
juga mahluk buas disini, yang tidak peduli kamu itu manusia tumbal atau
bukan.<br />
<br />
Jampiku tadi memang ada isengnya Nduk, terkadang aku memang suka
jail. Tapi selebihnya Nduk, aku menjagamu dengan penuh tanggung jawab.<br />
<br />
Aku sengaja membuatmu kaku, karena aku tidak mau kamu lari keluar rumahmu tadi, dimana alam disini sangat berbahaya."<br />
<br />
Aku kemudian terdiam pada Kiro dan sedikit kesal, karena pengakuan
dia yang bicara kalau dia jail. Tapi ucapan dia selanjutnya tentang
melindungi terdengar sangat tulus dan membuatku bisa memaafkannya.
Mungkin bila kita sudah hidup sangat lama seprti Kiro, pikiran kita
akan menjadi aneh.prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-52903046503089355692012-06-26T08:14:00.002-07:002012-06-26T08:14:54.361-07:00funny written IIHari itu aku sudah berada di dalam angkot <em>02</em> menuju ke kosanku. Selama perjalanan tidak ada hal yang istimewa<em>,</em>
nggak ada nasi goreng istimewa, nggak ada martabak istimewa, nggak ada
terang bulan istimewa, pokoknya nggak ada yang istimewa deh. Sampai
akhirnya seorang perempuan bersama anaknya naik di dalam angkot yang
sama dengan angkot yang aku tumpangi. Kala itu hanya kami bertiga
penumpang di dalam angkot. Perempuan itu berbaju hitam yang bahannya
sangat elastis seperti karet*<em>gimana yah menggambarkannya, em…mungkin seperti salah satu iklan pembalut wanita yang katanya kembali ke bentuk semula, hehehe..</em>.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Baru saja menaiki angkot, perempuan itu sudah bercerita seru dengan
sang supir tentang kejadian yang baru saja ia saksikan. Sambil
bercerita, perempuan itu mengambil sesuatu dari dalam tasnya. Awalnya
aku tidak terlalu tertarik pada perempuan itu*<em>emang nggak, entar difitnah mengalami kelanian lagi. Mana ada jeruk makan jeruk hihihi…</em> Tapi setelah aku tahu apa yang ia keluarkan dari dalam tasnya dan apa yang akan dilakukannya dengan benda itu*<em>wah jangan-jangan mau ngerampok nih</em>,
maka pada saat itu juga perhatianku terpusat padanya. Perempuan itu
mengeluarkan sebuah benda berbentuk oval lonjong. Salah satu ujung benda
itu agak runcing dibanding ujung yang satunya lagi. Bagian yang sedikit
runcing itu memiliki penutup. Perempuan itu melepaskan penutup benda
itu dan memasukkan benda itu ke dalam bajunya dan mengoleskannya pada
salah satu bagian tubuhnya yang biasa disebut keti. <em>Oh my God…ternyata benda itu adalah sebuah deodoran</em>. Perempuan itu dengan penuh percaya diri dan penuh lemak*<em>dijitak pake deodorant ma tuh ibu-ibu, hihihi…</em>bercerita dengan sang supir sambil menggunakan deodoran di hadapanku. Aku melongo memandangnya takjub dan tak berkedip sekalipun<em>. </em>Hampir
saja aku kelepasan tertawa melihat gaya perempuan itu yang asyik
memakai deodoran di kedua ketiaknya. Aku jadi berfikir, apakah perempuan
itu lupa memakai deodoran di dalam rumah sehingga dia dengan terpaksa
dan nekat memakai deodoran itu di dalam angkot? Tapi kalau diperhatikan
lebih saksama lagi perempuan itu terlihat riang gembira memakainya di
dalam angkot tanpa rasa terpaksa sedikit pun. Hem atau perempuan itu
adalah salah satu korban iklan sebuah deodoran yang katanya sih <em>Setia Setiap Saat</em>,
jadi kapan pun ia butuhkan, maka deodoran selalu siap di dalam tasnya,
hehehe entahlah. Tapi kalau itu benar, aku jadi geli membayangkan
seandainya perempuan itu sedang makan malam romantis dengan sang suami
tiba-tiba ia mengeluarkan deodoran dan memakai deodoran itu di depan
suaminya yang sedang menikmati makan malamnya. Hahaha…suaminya mungkin
illfeel dan langsung menceraikan istrinya*<em>lebay…</em>Atau malah sebaliknya, semakin mencintai sang istri soalnya istrinya make deodorant sambil joget India…entahlah.prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-24084012871220227712012-06-26T08:11:00.001-07:002012-06-26T08:12:28.852-07:00funny written<div class="mtl fbDocument">
sunyi dalam diam,<br />
pohon jambu tetangga berdansa riang dengan hujan<br />
daun jendela kuyup kebasahan<br />
kuyup kedinginan,<br />
<br />
seperti aku!<br />
<br />
<br />
KOTORAN KERBAU !! sial !! bocah-bocah ingusan seliweran mandi hujan
lari-lari riang didepan rumah, tak berbusana ! treak-treak kaya tarsan
hutan. Bangke doangan!! disini gua terpojok kedinginan, pening meriang
gara-gara kehujanan ! dihantui kutukan kesialan..<br />
<br />
05.50 PM , Tuesday 28 june 2011 (hari kutukan)<br />
hahhaaahahaa , cuma bisa ketawa dalam suram.. alhamdulilah wa
syukurinn lah !! hari ini gua mengelalami kekurang beruntungan
bertubi-tubi.<br />
begini kronologisnya ..<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<b>KESIALAN PERTAMA :</b><b> </b>setelah ngakak
guling-gulingan sama Lukman gara-gara dengerin curhatan ***(merek
disamarkan, sebut saja dia BUNGA) yang rada tragis . gimana gag tragis
coba, 2 kali takdir tak merelakan rezeki menghampirinya .pas pagi dia
diongkosin sama temennya, ehh dia bayar lagi karena lupa .. siangnya pas
makan siang, gua, lukman, tika sama akbar makan. dia gag pesen makan,
karna udah makan duluan , pas kita mau bayar dateng dah si malaikat muka
menawan (hahaha) " makannya udah abda bayarin semua " katanya. ohh...
indahnya sepenggal kata-kata tadi itu bagaikan nyanyian dari surga,,
hahaha. Bunga yang malang mendadak suram , nyesel karna gag ikut pesen
makan. Karna gag mau rugi, sejurus kemudian Bunga pesen minuman.<br />
<br />
Bunga : "da, aku kan gag pesen makan, jadi es teh.nya aja yg dibayarin ya"<br />
abda : " yah, abda cuma bayarin makannya aja bungga"<br />
<br />
Abdapun pergi berlalu. dan akhirnya Bunga yang malang bayar aer es
tehnya sendiri . Gua, tika sama lukman ngakak mpe glundungan XD
hahahahahahaaa. Sadar kalo akan terjadi hal yang membahayakan diri kalo
gua ngetawain kesialan si bungga ini sendirian , gua pun segera membagi
cerita mengenaskan ini ke juned. Juned ngakak gag karuan ampe ususnya
terburai, kotorannya bececeran dilantai, lobang idungnya jadi lima dan
mukanya berubah ganteng mendadak ... (ahahahah yang terakhir itu gag
mungkin XD)<br />
setelah puas ngetawain kemalangan si Bunga gua, Lukman, dan Bunga pun berpamitan pulang sama si juned.<br />
<br />
Sebelom pulang, gua sempetin buat cross di pertigaan belokan mesjid
kampus (konon kalo gag mau ketularan kena sial kita kudu buat tanda
silang di pertigaan jalan) hahhaa,, nah dari sini awal dari kesialan
nomer satu. pas lagi jalan lewat depan mesjid, gua ngeliat
buletan-buletan putih melingkar rapi ditanah dibawah kembang XXX(gag tau
apa nama kembangnya). "wahh.. batu koralnya bagus baget " tanpa ba bi
bu, gua comot dah 4 buah buletan batu koralnya, terus lari lari gag
jelas ( persis kaya di pelem India), nyamperin lukman dan Bunga yang
udah duluan nyampe gerbang kampus.<br />
<br />
gua : " eh ehh.. liat deh , gua nemu batu bagus loh" * dengan banggannya nunjukin 4 buah buletan putih ditangan.<br />
lukman : " ihh.. iya cicha, bagus baget batunya, coba kalo ada lima, biar pas ama geng kita" *sambil mencet2 batunya<br />
Bunga : " ehh bodoohh.. itu tu telor !! "<br />
gua : " batu bunga ! "<br />
bungga : " telor bodoh !!! liat itu bentuknya sama semua kaya gitu . "<br />
lukman : *masih mencet-mencet batu ato telor itu<br />
gua : *NGOTOT. " ihh.. ini BATU !! "<br />
<br />
lalu..<br />
<br />
CROOTTTT !!!! batu yang ternyata beneran telor itu pecah dipencet
Lukman. pecah ditangan gua. kuning-kuningnya ditambah sedikit darah
menempel sempurna ditelapak tangan gua. Arrarraraagggggg !!!! gua
reflek jerit-jeritan dan ngebanting telor-telor itu ke jalan. Dan
membuat keempat telor itu pecah semua, tergeletak dijalan, mengenaskan.<br />
<br />
Bunga : "tu kan beneran telor, hayu lu cicha telornya pecah .. "<br />
gua : " iihh.. kan gua gag sengaja, abis lukman naro telor pecahnya ditangan gua, kan gua jijik "<br />
Bunga : " tu,, kasian tau, udah jadi embrio telornya , liat deh ada dagingnya tuh " *sambil nunjuk-nunjuk telornya<br />
Lukman : " ayo loo cicha.. nanti ibu telornya sedih, pas pulang calon anaknya ilang empat "<br />
gua : " ihh.. kan salah lu juga !! coba kalo lu gag mencet-mencet telornya gag akan pecah ! "<br />
Bunga : " lu sih cha ! kebiasaan mungut-mungut barang dijalan !<br />
Lukman : " eh cicha, gimana kalo 4 telor tadi itu calon jenius, kan kasian ibu telornya gag jadi punya anak jenius "<br />
gua : (mulai berkeringat dan merasa panik )<br />
gua : " hahahaa jangan mmbuat gua merasa bersalah, gua kan beneran
gag sengaja. lah gua kira itu batu koral, orang melingkar rapi gitu
ditanah. yah masih ada 5 telur lagi ini disana, gua kan cuma ambil 4
doang. yah , anggap aja ini bagian dari seleksi alam "<br />
lukman : " hahaha, bisa aja lu cich , eh itu telur apa ya? telur burung kali ya ? "<br />
Bunga : " ahh telor uler itu . telor burung mah kekecilan, lagian mana ada burung betelor ditanah. "<br />
gua : " telor cicak kali ! telor uler mah gede tau . ato mungkin telor kadal yah ? "<br />
Bunga : " yah, maksud gua itu, ya uler ama kadal kan sodaraan :D hahaha "<br />
<br />
akhinya, setelah melalui perdebatan panjang batu yang ternyata telur itu, diputuskan adalah telur kadal.<br />
<b>kesialan nomer satu tangan gua kena darah dan kuning telor kadal .</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>KESIALAN KEDUA : </b>berdasarkan informasi dari kusa,
bahwa jalan TOL serang menuju Jakarta saat itu macet parah. Akhinya kami
bertiga memutuskan pulang lewat Ciujung, untuk menghindari macet tak
berujung di Tol sebelum Ciujung Keragilan. Didalem bus, gua Lukman dan
Bunga masih cekikikan ngetawain kejadian tadi, masih mempermasahkan
nasib ibu telor kadal yang kehilangan 4 calaon anaknya. Pas busnya,
melintas depan kampus, Lukman nunjuk ke arah telor kadal yang pecah
itu,yang tergolek na'as didepan gerbang kampus.<br />
<br />
Lukman : “ cicha, liat deh tu telornya kasian deh, pasti nanti ke injek-injek kaki orang “<br />
Gua : * nengok dari jendela bus.<br />
Bunga : “ eh, tunggu dulu deh . mungkin kalian berdua udah jadi penyelamat dunia ! “<br />
Gua dan Lukman : “ hah ? “ * beneran melongo<br />
Bunga : “ iya, siapa tau 4 telor tadi itu, yang kelak akan menguasai
Bumi, dan menghancurkan populasi manusia. Untunglah, kalian pecahin
telornya. jadi 4 calaon penguasa Bumi itu gag jadi menguasai Bumi, dan
populasi manusia akan tetap ada hingga hari kiamat tiba .. “ ( @karin
fuka, bagian ini saya poles sedikit , hahaha)<br />
Lukman : dengan polosnya berkata “ iya juga ya ... “<br />
<br />
Kami bertiga ketawa ampe mulut mengeluarkan busa, uang receh dan
kupon timezone . hahahah (ALAY ya ? emang .. hahaha), banyolan kami
berlanjut ke cerita memalukan Lukman pas jaman smp,<br />
<br />
Lukman : “ hey kalian , tau gag . dulu gua ampir mau mati di anggkot loh “ *dengan muka yang menyakinkan<br />
Gua, Bunga : “ hah ? kok bisa ?<br />
Lukman : “ iya, dulu pas gua SMP, kejadiannya pas mau pulang kerumah.
Gua kan naek angkot ya, pas lagi jalan angkotnya ngeluarin asep gitu.
Banyaaaaakk banget, ampe asep itemnya itu masuk kedalem angkotnya. gua
fikir, Pasti mau meledak ini angkotnya, refleks gua buka jendela
angkotnya. Gua keluar dari jendela dengan posisi kaya bayi lahir,
palanya duluan yang keluar. Dan gua bisa menyelamatkan diri dengn
sempurna .”<br />
Gu, Bunga : “ oohhh “<br />
Gua : “kok lewat jendela keluarnya, emang angkotnya gag ada pintunya ya ? “<br />
Lukman : “ ye, ada lah cicha . kan gua panik yang gua liat pertama itu jendela, yaudah deh gua keluar dari jendelanya, hahaha “<br />
Bunga : “ hahahaha, terus elu selamet kan ?<br />
Lukman : “ iya iyalah. Gua udah cape-cape loncat jendela, eh taunya
angkotnya gag jadi meledak . terus gua naekin lagi deh tu angkot ampe
rumah .<br />
<br />
Bunga dan gua ngakak kaya orang gilaa ,, penumpang se bus ampe heran
ngeliatin kita bertiga . hahhahaaa ( hahaa sebenernya ini bagian sangat
gag penting XD !! )<br />
<br />
Okeh kita kembali ke kesialan nomer duanya. Jadi begini , pas di Bus
gua duduk sebangku sama bapak-bapak paruh baya, perkiraan umurnya
sekitar 40 tahunanlah (soalnya gua gag sempet liat KTPnya XD) , ditengah
perjalan pas bus nya bergoyang si Bapak ini sengaja banget ngegeser
tempat duduknya, pantatnya yang lebih besar dari pantat gua dengan
mudahnya menggeser posisi pantat imut gua, alhasil gua cuma kebagian
seperempat dari bangku Busnya <b>(</b>bca: pantat gua Cuma duduk sebelah (bisa pembaca bayangkan ?) <b>)</b> .
onhh ia, keadaan bus saat itu penuh dan sesak . banyak penumpang yang
gag kebagian tempat duduk terpaksa harus berdiri . seperti mbak yang
disamping gua, mbak-mbak yang membawa tas besar ini berdiri disamping
gua , lebih tepatnya berdiri sembari senderan di bangku gua. Dan tas
besarnya nutupin muka gua ! Sekali lagi, TAS BESARNYA NUTUPIN MUKA GUA ,
DAN MBAK INI NGAMBIL JATAH BANGKU GUA! Yang lebih hebatnya lagi,
mbak-mbak ini tidur dengan posisi berdiri senderan di bangku gua, dan
tas besarnya nutupin muka gua. MUKE GILEE !!! ibarat hidup segan mati
tak mau . Duduk pantat sebelah doang, nyender kaga bisa, muka ketutupan
tas . ahahaah sempurana ! Tiba-tiba ditengah perjalanan, gua nyium bau
bangke kuda ! busuk banget dah , gua nengok ke arah muka si bapak paruh
baya , dia pun memberikan senyum indah dan berkata “ maaf ya dek, kali
deres masih lama ya ? bapak pengen ke wc “ . dengan muka asem gua jawab “
iya, masih jauh “ .<br />
<br />
<b>Kesialan nomer dua , dianiaya bapak paruh baya dan mbak-mbak gag tau diri !</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>KESIALAN KETIGA : </b>Alhamdulilah udah nyampe Balaraja,
Ternyata Tuhan masih sayang gua. Walaupun sejam gua duduk dengan pantat
sebelah , pantat gua gag jadi gede sebelah loh :D hahahaa..<br />
Tapi apa mau di kata, diluar hujan ternyata . Bunga pun pamit pulang
naek angkot, sedangkan gua terpaksa neduh nungguin hujan reda, karna
gua bawa motor.<br />
Gua neduh dihalte bus , disamping pangkalan ojek Balaraja.
Desek-desekan sama rombongan nenek-nenek pengajian . sumpah bau balsem
semua atmosfirnya !! lima menit, limabelas menit pun berlalu .. nenek
berbaju hijau nawarin permen heksos ke gua..<br />
Nenek : “ permen neng “ *sambil senyum-senyum memperlihatkan gigi bawahnya yang udah gag ada.<br />
Gua : “ iya, makasih nek “ ( curigai setiap orang asing yang nawarin makanan ke kita , siapa tau itu modus penipuan, hahahhaa )<br />
Nenek : “ ini, ambil “ * nyodorin permen heksosnya dengan rada maksa<br />
Gua : “ iya nek, makasih “<br />
Nenek : * narok satu permen heksos di atas tas gua da gua pun terpaksa nerima tu permen<br />
Gua : “makasih nek , nenek mau kemana emangnya ? “<br />
Nenek : “ rek jarah ka kresek neng, tah rombongan salosbak, sareng bu
RT , tah nu eta tah bu RTna *Sambil nunjuk ibu ibu yang masih rada muda
diaantara kawanan mereka<br />
Gua : “ ohh,, “ *hahaha rada gag ngerti ini nenek ditanya apa, jawabnya kmana mana , hahaha<br />
<br />
Sinenek berbaju hijau terus nyerocos, sumpah gua gak ngerti apa yang
diomongin sama ini nenek, gua Cuma bisa manggut-manggut dan bilang “iya “
hahahaaa , setelah setengah jam beliau memberiakan siraman rohani
beliau pun pamit ke gua, mau neduh dimesjid terminal aja katanya.
Ahhhh... alhamdulilah , lega gua rasanya .<br />
<br />
Setelah nenek-nenek pergi, datanglah sesosok mamang ojek , duduk disamping gua.<br />
Mamang ojek : “ neng , ujannya deres juga ya “<br />
Gua : ---diem---<br />
Mamang ojek : “ neng, pulang kerja ya ? kerja dimana ? “<br />
Gua : “pulang kuliah”<br />
Mamang ojek : “ohh kuliah ya ? abang juga KULI-AH neng, hahahaa “ *ketawa-ketawa sendiri<br />
Mamang ojek : “ kuliah dimana neng ?”<br />
Gua : “serang”<br />
Mamang ojek : “serang luas kali neng, di kampus mana neng ? “<br />
Gua : “untirta”<br />
Mamang ojek : “anak tetangga saya juga kuliah disana neng, jurusan sekertaris neng “<br />
Gua : “ di untirta gag ada jurusan sekertaris bang ! “<br />
Mamang ojek : “oh, gag ada ya neng, kelistrikan ato keguruan ya, saya lupa neng. Hahahhaa *lagi2 ketawa gag jelas<br />
Mamang ojek : “neng jurusan apa ?”<br />
Gua : “keguruan “<br />
Mamang ojek: “ ohh,, nanti kalo udah jadi anggota DPR jangan korupsi
ya neng, jangan kaya orang-orang gedongan sana, makanin duit rakyat.
Sekarang mah serba mahal neng, duit serebu gag dapet apa-apa, dulu mah
duit serebu bisa buat beli tanah neng , anak sekarang dikasih duit
serebu pada belagu. Anak saya kalo dikasih Cuma serebu , gag mau sekolah
dia neng, padahal serebu aja susah payah nyarinya, kudu panas-panasan,
ngojek. Neng jangan begitu ya, kasian orang tuanya udah nyekolahin
tinggi-tinggi. Jangan korupsi, kasian sama orang kecil kaya saya.
Bilangin sama temen-temenya juga neng “<br />
Gua : “ hahhaaa iya bang “<br />
<br />
Hahahhaa setengah jam dapet penyejuk rohani dari si nenek, setengah
jam dengerin curhatan si abang ojek, sejam gua nunggu ujan gag reda-reda
. sejam gua terlantar di halte tua.<br />
<br />
<b>Kesialan nomer tiga </b>, kuyup tersiram hujan, mati dibunuh bosan,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>KESIALAN KEEMPAT : </b>cukup satu jam saja gua mati rasa
di halte tua. Modal nekat gua nyebrang jalan, ke tempat penitipan
motor, menjemput vario pink gua. Ayo laksmi ( Laksmi nama motor gua )
kita pulang. Tiba – tiba hujan pun reda, alhamdulilah akhirnya bisa
pulang juga. Entah ada bisikan dari mana tiba-tiba aja gua pengen pulang
lewat pabrik PEMI, tumben gag biasanya , kaya ibu hamil yang lagi
ngidam mangga , keinginan pulang lewat pabrik pun sangat menggelora.
Akhirnya gua putuskan pulang lewat Pabrik, dan taaaraaa !!! gua disuguhi
antrian motor dan mobil yang berbaris memanjang, barisan yang tak
terlihat ujungnya. KENTUT KEBO !! kamfrett !! maju gag bisa mundur gag
bisa, gua dan laksmi terjepit diantara antrian binatang-binatang besi
beroda. Di beri semprotan kentut-kentut dari pantat-pantat binatang besi
beroda. Gilaa ! ngebul baget asepnya! Bangke doangan !<br />
<br />
“Tik tik tik ,, bunyi hujan diatas genteng !! “ ujan . badai hujan !!
hujan deres !! gua gag bawa jas hujan . Hujan, gua kejepit macet
ditengah hujan ! keujanan !<br />
<b>Kesialan nomor empat , </b>basah kuyup keujanan, mabok ngisepin asep knalpot, koma dalam macet panjang.<br />
<br />
~~~~ singkat cerita dengan kuasa Allah SWT gua selamet nyampe rumah ~~~~<br />
<br />
<br />
sunyi dalam diam,<br />
pohon jambu tetangga berdansa riang dengan hujan<br />
daun jendela kuyup kebasahan<br />
kuyup kedinginan,<br />
<br />
seperti aku!<br />
<br />
<br />
Ditemani semangkok Indomie Ayam bawang, gua ngetik note ini ..<br />
Ini ceritaku, apa ceritamu ? jadi, ini kesialanku apa kesialanmu ?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TAI LALAT !!! <b>KESIALAN KE LIMA : </b>keypad keyboard laptop gua copot pas gua bikin note ini !!!<br />
ASTAGFIRULLAHHALADZIM ....<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hikmah :<br />
<ol>
<li>Tinggalkan kebiasaan mungut-mungut barang dijalan.</li>
<li>Selalu maafkan orang-orang yang menganiayamu, Allah aja Maha pemaaf.</li>
<li> Jangan korupsi ya teman-teman ,kasian sama rakyat-rakyat kecil ( amanat dari mamang ojek ).</li>
<li>Surfei membuktikan rata-rata nenek-nenek bau balsem.</li>
<li>permen heksos pemberian nenek itu belom gua makan kok, takut gua makannya, hahaa</li>
<li>Kalo naek motor, jangan lupa bawa jas hujan.</li>
<li>Sedia payung sebelum hujan.</li>
<li>Indomie Ayam bawang enak dimakan pas hujan.</li>
<li>apa mungkin ini semua kutukan ibu telur kadal yang gag terima 4 calon anaknya tewas ditangan gua ? hahaha</li>
<li>Yang paling penting, jangan ngetawain kesialan orang lain (yang
ketawa baca note gua, gua saranin segeralah bikin Cross di pertigaan
jalan, banyak-banyak istigfar ya sayang XD hahhahahaaaa)</li>
</ol>
</div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-55864119106675437182012-06-25T10:16:00.000-07:002012-06-25T10:16:30.352-07:00magneto (mencintaimu)ini lagu ajib banget walau agak jadul tp asik sob buat yang galau
<br><iframe width="420" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/RpA_eASxwGQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-1060524541894852522012-06-25T09:35:00.001-07:002012-06-25T09:37:41.089-07:00neng neng nong nengthe video is from indra wijaya the faild indo idol 2012
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/PhqOo8YAY6Q" width="470"></iframe>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-70137138418431733252012-06-15T12:11:00.001-07:002012-06-23T09:48:20.537-07:00prosa<div style="color: black;">
<b>Prosa</b> adalah suatu jenis tulisan yang dibedakan dengan puisi karena variasi ritme (<i>rhythm</i>) yang dimilikinya lebih besar, serta bahasanya yang lebih sesuai dengan arti leksikalnya. Kata prosa berasal dari bahasa latin
"prosa" yang artinya "terus terang". Jenis tulisan prosa biasanya
digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan suatu fakta atau ide. Karenanya, prosa
dapat digunakan untuk surat kabar, majalah, novel, ensiklopedia, surat,
serta berbagai jenis media lainnya.prosa juga dibagi dalam dua
bagian,yaitu prosa lama dan prosa baru,prosa lama adalah prosa bahasa
indonesia yang belum terpengaruhi budaya barat,dan prosa baru ialah
prosa yang dikarang bebas tanpa aturan apa pun.</div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Jenis-jenis_prosa">Jenis-jenis prosa</span></h2>
<div style="color: black;">
Prosa biasanya dibagi menjadi empat jenis:</div>
<ul style="color: black;">
<li>Prosa naratif</li>
<li>Prosa deskriptif</li>
<li>Prosa eksposisi</li>
<li>Prosa argumentatif</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Prosa_Lama">Prosa Lama</span></h2>
<div style="color: black;">
Prosa la<br />
<a name='more'></a>ma merupakan karya sastra yang belum mendapat pengaruh dari
sastra atau kebudayaan barat. Karya sastra prosa lama yang mula-mula
timbul disampaikan secara lisan, disebabkan karena belum dikenalnya
bentuk tulisan. Setelah agama dan kebudayaan Islam masuk ke indonesia,
masyarakat menjadi akrab dengan tulisan, bentuk tulisan pun mulai banyak
dikenal. Sejak itulah sastra tulisan mulai dikenal dan sejak itu
pulalah babak-babak sastra pertama dalam rentetan sastra indonesia mulai
ada. Adapun bentuk-bentuk sastra prosa lama adalah :</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Hikayat">Hikayat</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Hikayat, berasal dari India dan Arab, berisikan cerita kehidupan para
dewi, peri, pangeran, putri kerajaan, serta raja-raja yang memiliki
kekuatan gaib. Kesaktian dan kekuatan luar biasa yang dimiliki
seseorang, yang diceritakan dalam hikayat kadang tidak masuk akal. Namun
dalam hikayat banyak mengambil tokoh-tokoh dalam sejarah. Contoh :
Hikayat Hang Tuah, Kabayan, si Pitung, Hikayat si Miskin, Hikayat Indra
Bangsawan, Hikayat Panji Semirang, Hikayat Raja Budiman. aduuuh</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah">Sejarah</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Sejarah (tambo), adalah salah satu bentuk prosa lama yang isi
ceritanya diambil dari suatu peristiwa sejarah. Cerita yang diungkapkan
dalam sejarah bisa dibuktikan dengan fakta. Selain berisikan peristiwa
sejarah, juga berisikan silsilah raja-raja. Sejarah yang berisikan
silsilah raja ini ditulis oleh para sastrawan masyarakat lama. Contoh :
Sejarah Melayu karya datuk Bendahara Paduka Raja alias Tun Sri Lanang
yang ditulis tahun 1612.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Kisah">Kisah</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Kisah, adalah cerita tentang cerita perjalanan atau pelayaran
seseorang dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. Contoh : Kisah Perjalanan
Abdullah ke Negeri Kelantan, Kisah Abdullah ke Jedah.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Dongeng">Dongeng</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Dongeng, adalah suatu cerita yang bersifat khayal. Dongeng sendiri banyak ragamnya, yaitu sebagai berikut :</div>
<ul style="color: black;">
<li>Fabel, adalah cerita lama yang menokohkan binatang sebagai lambang
pengajaran moral (biasa pula disebut sebagai cerita binatang). Contoh :
Kancil dengan Buaya, Kancil dengan Harimau, Hikayat Pelanduk Jenaka,
Kancil dengan Lembu, Burung Gagak dan Serigala, Burung bangau dengan
Ketam, Siput dan Burung Centawi, dan lain-lain.</li>
<li>Mite (mitos), adalah cerita-cerita yang berhubungan dengan
kepercayaan terhadap sesuatu benda atau hal yang dipercayai mempunyai
kekuatan gaib. Contoh : Nyai Roro Kidul, Ki Ageng Selo, Dongeng tentang
Gerhana, Dongeng tentang Terjadinya Padi, Harimau Jadi-Jadian,
Puntianak, Kelambai, dan lain-lain.</li>
<li>Legenda, adalah cerita lama yang mengisahkan tentang riwayat
terjadinya suatu tempat atau wilayah. Contoh : Legenda Banyuwangi,
Tangkuban Perahu, dan lain-lain.</li>
<li>Sage, adalah cerita lama yang berhubungan dengan sejarah, yang
menceritakan keberanian, kepahlawanan, kesaktian dan keajaiban
seseorang. Contoh : Calon Arang, Ciung Wanara, Airlangga, Panji,
Smaradahana, dan lain-lain.</li>
<li>Parabel, adalah cerita rekaan yang menggambarkan sikap moral atau
keagamaan dengan menggunakan ibarat atau perbandingan. Contoh : Kisah
Para Nabi, Hikayat Bayan Budiman, Bhagawagita, dan lain-lain.</li>
<li>Dongeng jenaka, adalah cerita tentang tingkah laku orang bodoh, malas atau cerdik dan masing-masing dilukiskan secara humor.</li>
</ul>
<div style="color: black;">
Contoh : Pak Pandir, Lebai Malang, Pak Belalang, Abu Nawas, dan lain-lain.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Cerita_Berbingkai">Cerita Berbingkai</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Cerita berbingkai, adalah cerita yang didalamnya terdapat cerita lagi
yang dituturkan oleh pelaku-pelakunya. Contoh : Seribu Satu Malam.</div>
<h2 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bentuk-bentuk_prosa_baru">Bentuk-bentuk prosa baru</span></h2>
<div style="color: black;">
Prosa baru adalah karangan prosa yang timbul setelah mendapat
pengaruh sastra atau budaya Barat. Bentuk-bentuk prosa baru adalah
sebagai berikut:</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Roman">Roman</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Roman adalah bentuk prosa baru yang mengisahkan kehidupan pelaku
utamanya dengan segala suka dukanya. Dalam roman, pelaku utamanya sering
diceritakan mulai dari masa kanak-kanak sampai dewasa atau bahkan
sampai meninggal dunia. Roman mengungkap adat atau aspek kehidupan suatu
masyarakat secara mendetail dan menyeluruh, alur bercabang-cabang,
banyak digresi (pelanturan). Roman terbentuk dari pengembangan atas
seluruh segi kehidupan pelaku dalam cerita tersebut.</div>
<div style="color: black;">
Berdasarkan kandungan isinya, roman dibedakan atas beberapa macam, antara lain sebagai berikut:</div>
<ul style="color: black;">
<li>Roman transendensi, yang di dalamnya terselip maksud tertentu, atau
yang mengandung pandangan hidup yang dapat dipetik oleh pembaca untuk
kebaikan. Contoh: Layar Terkembang oleh Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana, Salah
Asuhan oleh Abdul Muis, Darah Muda oleh Adinegoro.</li>
<li>Roman sosial adalah roman yang memberikan gambaran tentang keadaan
masyarakat. Biasanya yang dilukiskan mengenai keburukan-keburukan
masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Contoh: Sengsara Membawa Nikmat oleh Tulis
St. Sati, Neraka Dunia oleh Adinegoro.</li>
<li>Roman sejarah yaitu roman yang isinya dijalin berdasarkan fakta
historis, peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah, atau kehidupan seorang tokoh
dalam sejarah. Contoh: Hulubalang Raja oleh Nur St. Iskandar, Tambera
oleh Utuy Tatang Sontani, Surapati oleh Abdul Muis.</li>
<li>Roman psikologis yaitu roman yang lebih menekankan gambaran kejiwaan
yang mendasari segala tindak dan perilaku tokoh utamanya. Contoh:
Atheis oleh Achdiat Kartamiharja, Katak Hendak Menjadi Lembu oleh Nur
St. Iskandar, Belenggu oleh Armijn Pane.</li>
<li>Roman detektif merupakan roman yang isinya berkaitan dengan
kriminalitas. Dalam roman ini yang sering menjadi pelaku utamanya
seorang agen polisi yang tugasnya membongkar berbagai kasus kejahatan.
Contoh: Mencari Pencuri Anak Perawan oleh Suman HS, Percobaan Seria oleh
Suman HS, Kasih Tak Terlerai oleh Suman HS.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Novel">Novel</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Novel berasal dari Italia. yaitu novella ‘berita’. Novel adalah
bentuk prosa baru yang melukiskan sebagian kehidupan pelaku utamanya
yang terpenting, paling menarik, dan yang mengandung konflik. Konflik
atau pergulatan jiwa tersebut mengakibatkan perobahan nasib pelaku. lika
roman condong pada idealisme, novel pada realisme. Biasanya novel lebih
pendek daripada roman dan lebih panjang dari cerpen. Contoh: Ave Maria
oleh Idrus, Keluarga Gerilya oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Perburuan oleh
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Ziarah oleh Iwan Simatupang, Surabaya oleh Idrus.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Cerpen">Cerpen</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Cerpen adalah bentuk prosa baru yang menceritakam sebagian kecil dari
kehidupan pelakunya yang terpenting dan paling menarik. Di dalam cerpen
boleh ada konflik atau pertikaian, akan telapi hat itu tidak
menyebabkan perubahan nasib pelakunya. Contoh: Radio Masyarakat oleh
Rosihan Anwar, Bola Lampu oleh Asrul Sani, Teman Duduk oleh Moh. Kosim,
Wajah yang Bembah oleh Trisno Sumarjo, Robohnya Surau Kami oleh A.A.
Navis.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Riwayat">Riwayat</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Riwayat (biografi), adalah suatu karangan prosa yang berisi
pengalaman-pengalaman hidup pengarang sendiri (otobiografi) atau bisa
juga pengalaman hidup orang lain sejak kecil hingga dewasa atau bahkan
sampai meninggal dunia. Contoh: Soeharto Anak Desa, Prof. Dr. B.I
Habibie, Ki Hajar Dewantara.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Kritik">Kritik</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Kritik adalah karya yang menguraikan pertimbangan baik-buruk suatu
hasil karya dengan memberi alasan-alasan tentang isi dan bentuk dengan
kriteria tertentu yang sifatnya objektif dan menghakimi.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Resensi">Resensi</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Resensi adalah pembicaraan / pertimbangan / ulasan suatu karya (buku,
film, drama, dll.). Isinya bersifat memaparkan agar pembaca mengetahui
karya tersebut dari berbagai aspek seperti tema, alur, perwatakan,
dialog, dll, sering juga disertai dengan penilaian dan saran tentang
perlu tidaknya karya tersebut dibaca atau dinikmati.</div>
<h3 style="color: black;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Esai">Esai</span></h3>
<div style="color: black;">
Esai adalah ulasan / kupasan suatu masalah secara sepintas lalu
berdasarkan pandangan pribadi penulisnya. Isinya bisa berupa hikmah
hidup, tanggapan, renungan, ataupun komentar tentang budaya, seni,
fenomena sosial, politik, pementasan drama, film, dll. menurut selera
pribadi penulis sehingga bersifat sangat subjektif atau sangat pribadi.</div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7946663055777453869.post-28050094323758487362012-05-10T11:32:00.001-07:002012-05-14T18:22:28.916-07:00sebuah alasan<div class="mbl notesBlogText clearfix">
<div>
perasaan aku padamu
seperti rumput liar di pinggiran hutan yang tumbuh dengan lebatnya tanpa
di harus di sirami terlebih dahulu, walau kau menginjak-injaknya ini
akan terus tumbuh dengan suburnya,walau terkdang saat kau menginjaknya
rasany bahkan lebih sakiit dr pd saat di pangkas oleh para petani yang
mencari makan untuk ternaknya.....tp gak tau kenapa ini terus tumbuh tak
terbendung,,,,,!!!! keberada'an mu seperti sinar matahari bagiku .
sehari rerumputan ini tak mendapat sinar mu, rasanya seperti bertahun2
tanpa kesadaran dan ketangguhan,<br />
<br />
rerumputan ini mencoba
mencari pembenaran atas apa yg kamu lakukan, mencoba memberi alasan
bahwa qm tdk bersalah atas apa yg qm lakukan, walau qm membakarnya dg
arak,ciu,vodka,ataupun mensen sekalipun, ini akan tetap tumbuh, tumbuh
dg segarny setalah mendapat secercah sinar cerah darimu. rerumputan ini
pasti akan kembali tersenyum walau kau membakarny, dan aq yaakin itu.<br />
<br />
<b>tahukah kamu alasan rumput liar ini tak pernah mau mati ?</b><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>kau adalah <b>penghalang,</b> penghalang yang membuat q berhenti dr hal yg benar2 ingin q tinggalkan sejak dulu </li>
<li>kau adalah <b>OBAT PENENANG</b>, karena walaupun kau berbahaya untukku. aq akan tetep membutuhkan mu agar tetap tenang </li>
<li>kau adalah <b>SESUATU YG BAHKAN TIDAK BiSa TERDRISKRIBSIKAN, </b>kau
membuat semua logika q runtuh tak berdaya. bahkan saat aq dlm msalah yg
amat berat hany suaramu yg ingin q dengar,hany wajahmu yg ingin q
lihat. kau adalah kelemahan q yg menutupi kesempurnaan sesaat yg q
benar2 ingin q miliki,</li>
<li>kau adalah <b>SESUATU YANG MEMBUATKU BERKATA YA TANPA Q SADAR'I, </b>walau
nanti kau menyuruh q untuk menerima keputusan mu yg bahkan akan
membakar habis semua rerumputan tanpa harus tumbuh lagi, aq akan
melakukanny krn aq akan trz mencri pembenaran akan qm </li>
<li>ini adalah alasan yg menurut q paling tak masuk akal, <b>KARENA TIDAK ADA ALASAN UNTUK KU UNTUK TIDAK MEMBRI HATIKU UNTUKMU, </b>krn
qm adalah yg mengizinkan jantungq untuk berdetak keras tak beraturan,
krn qm yg mengizinkan aq berjalan krn walau aq hrs merasakan sakit yg
teramat pd kakiq. aq akan trs berjalan menemuimu, krn qm yg mengijinkan
mataq untuk mrlihat keindahan senyum malaikat mu yg membuat semua bagian
diriku semakin tidak mau melepaskan ruang di hatimu,,,,krn aq adalah aq
yg mencintaimu dg caraku </li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>prosa dan katahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03617619202440202298noreply@blogger.com2